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[Title]
PDF eBook ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ) London ֺ Essex 100 English Dialects in the World for Koreans (British English) Southern England London Home Counties Dialects (Essex
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ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ) London ֺ Essex

 

100 English Dialects in the World for Koreans (British English) Southern England London Home Counties Dialects (Essex) 

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̼ȣ  | ݰ | 2019 03 05ù° Ÿ並 ּ.
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2019 03 05
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ѱ   100   ( ױ۷  )  London ֺ    Essex


Ұ


å б




å ø ӽø ϺԴϴ.



å Ӽ Ͻð ô å ؿ ˴ϴ.



ѱ å ⰣϷ Ͽ, Ͽ ϴ Դϴ.



̹ Ⱓ νø ϴ.




Ǽ

1
å ⺻

2

(Received Pronunciation)

3
ױ۷ Ϻ (Northern England English Dialect)

4
ױ۷ Ϻ
(Northern England English)
Cheshire
Cumbria
5
Ϻ
(Northern England English)
Barrovian
Lancastrian
6
ױ۷ Ϻ
(Northern England English)
Geordie
Hartlepool
7
ױ۷ Ϻ
(Northern England English)
Mackem ,
Northumbrian ,
Pitmatic ,
Smoggie
8
ױ۷ Ϻ
(Northern England English)
Mancunian , Scouse , Yorkshire
9
ױ۷ ߺ
(Midlands England English)
East Midlands ,
West Midlands,
Black Country,
Birmingham ,
Potteries ,
Coventry
10
ױ۷
(East of England English)
East Anglian,
Norfolk,
Suffolk
11
ױ۷
(Southern England English)
Greater London I
(LONDON , SLOANE-SPEAK )
12
ױ۷
(Southern England English)
Greater London II
(ESTUARY )
13
ױ۷
(Southern England English)
Greater London III
(COCKNEY )
14
ױ۷
(Southern England English)
Greater London III
(ٹȭ LONDON, JAMAICAN, OXFORD )





å Ŀ Ǿ ױ۷ (Southern England English) Greater London ֺ شϴ Essex, Sussex, Kent, Hampshire, Portsmouth Home Counties Ǵ å Դϴ.




15
ױ۷
(Southern England English)
ױ۷ London ֺ
Essex




Ŀ ǿ Sussex, Kent 캸, ױ۷ WEST COUNTIRES 캸 մϴ.



ü å Ⱓ ̹ κп ǥõǾ Ƿ ̸ Ͻð å д ʿմϴ.



Ͻø ״ å Ͽ ŵ Ͻôµ ϴ.





̼ȣ


Ӹ



迡  ֽϴ. ƴ 麸 , ξ  ֽϴ.



Ư ǥؿ ͵ Ƿ ̵ (Dialect) , 쿡 󼭴 ׼Ʈ(Accent) еDZ⵵ ϸ, ̷ ׼Ʈ Ͽ (Continental), (National), (Regional), 溰(local), Ǵ κ(Idiolect) (variant) ֽϴ.



ױ۷, Ʋ, , ϾϷ ְ,



߿ ױ۷ 쿡 Ϻ , ߺ , ߺ , ޱ۸ , , Ʈ ,



ױ۷̿ Ÿ ص, Ʋ念, , Ǽ , ο , ϾϷ, Ͼص念 Ͽ մϴ.



츮  쿡 ǥؿ(Standard British English) ⺻ µ, ̷ ǥؿ ǵǴ ִ Ư ϴ.



ٸ, ȸγ й 뿵(Received Pronunciation)̶ ϴµ ǥؾ, ѱ ǥظ ϴ ϴ. ̷ 뿵(Received Pronunciation)̶ ȸ ε(socially Received) (Pronunciation) ̸, ̰ ǰų Ǵ ƴմϴ.



ٸ, б̳ α Ǵ ۸ü ǥ μ , ׷ٰ Ͽ ̸ ⺻ ǥ ʽϴ.



̱(U.S.A.) Ǵ , ̵ ũԴ Ϲ̴ ֿ (Regional English Dialect) , 溰 (local dialect or accent) ȭϿ پ  մϴ.



̷ ̱ ο(African American English), ĶϾ Boontling , Cajun , Ͽ ȥ(creole) , ƾ , Chicano , ֹ̾ , ǹٴϾ Dutch , Yeshiva (ethnic English dialect) ,



·ε, Ϲ ̱ , ױ۷ , , ߺ 뼭 , Ƽ , ʶǾ , ߺ , Ϻ ߺ , ߺ , ȣ̴ , ø , , ȷġ , ػ罺 , , Ϻ , Ϻο, ױ۷ , ̽ðݵ , , ĶϾ, , ƽĭ , ϼ , ǹٴϾ پ ° ֽϴ.



̱ Ϲ̴ Ͽ Ϲ̿(North American English) ϴ ij 쿡, Ǵ ڸ, 뼭 ij , Cape Breton , Lunenburg , Newfoundland , ǥ ij , , Isletan , Tsimshian , Lumbee , Tohono O'odham , Inupiaq ֽϴ.



̹ۿ ߳ , ƽþ, ī, ƴϾ  , ȥ(Creole), 뿹 ϴ Ӿ(Vernacular), ׸ ƴ -ish  Ѱ ֽϴ.



ѱ ϴ Konglish ߿ ϳ ¿ մϴ.



å մϴ. 迡 ϰ Ǵ پ ˾ƺ ̸ Ͽ ѱμ  ϸ  ڽŰ Konglish ڷμ ɼϰ ڽŰ ִ  ִ° 캸 ϴ Դϴ.



Konglish ϴ ѱ  ϴ ϰ иմϴ. ġ ڽŰ Ƽ Դϴ. ƹ ٰŵ ϳ ǥؿ ΰ װ ߳ ߸ ̰ Konglish̰ ׷ ڽ ޾ ϰ ׷ Ἥ ȵȴٰ åϱ Դϴ.



ѱ ʹ ã ϳ ؼ װ͸ ǹٸ ̶ Ŵ , ã װ ̶ ְ ;ϰ, ̷ ã 뿡  ϴ ׸ صǴ 찡 κԴϴ.



ѱ ʹ 뿡 ϰ  ϳ ǥ ؿ ǥ  ؾ Ѵٴ ߸ , ܱ ǥؾ ϴµ ڽ ̸ ؼ ڽ  Ʋȴٰ ԰ ۽ο ϴ ߸ ް ֱ Դϴ.



׷, 󿡴, ּ 󿡼 ѱ ϴ ϴ.



ѱ ޸, ڽ Ư ڽŵ  Ű , ܾ Դϴ.



׷ ұϰ ѱ ó Һи  ڽ  ޽ ִµ ұϰ ڽ  ߰ ϴϸ ڽ ۸ β  ϴ ֱ Դϴ.



迡 ǥؿ ϴ. ڶ ϰ ְ, ܾ Դϴ. 迡 ϸ, ǥؾ 뿵 ϴ α Ұ 3% ˴ϴ.



̱ ̹ ԰ο  ȥǾ ְ, ϴ ڶ Դϴ. .̱  ϴ ,  ص  մϴ.



 鼭  ص ƴմϴ. ڽ ϴ 뿵 Ͽ ϳ װ͸ Դϴ. ѱ ü ڽ  ȣֽ ̱ ijٽ ܾ ȥ ǰ Ƿ, ü ڽ  ϴ 𸣸 ֽϴ.



̷ Ƹ Ϻ ޾Ƽ Ϻ å å ǰ Ŭ Դϴ



׷, ѱ κ ϰ ̱Դϴ. ̿ ؼ Ǿ ְ, , ȭ е ִ ̱Դϴ.



׷ٸ, ̱ ϰ ̰͸ մϴ. ܰ迡 ڽ ü DZ ٸ  ȥؼ ˴ϴ.



ϳ ̱ ϴ 쿡 ߿ ϳ 뿵 ؼ  θ ؾ մϴ.



׷ ʰ ̰͵ ͵ ƴ  ȥؼ Ǹ ü ڽ  ϴ 𸣴 Ȳ ϴ.



̱ , ׸ 鵵  Ѵٰ , ڽ ü   ϴ 𸣰 ִ ϴ. ׷ ̴ غҰ Դϴ. ѱ , , ȵ, ֵ ϴ.



̿  ϴ ڽ  ϴ 𸣴 ϴ.   𸣸鼭 ʽϴ.



ϰ 鼭  𸣴 ϴ ϴ. ּ  Ѵٰ Ϸ ڽ  ̰ ϴ   ˰ ־ մϴ.



̷ å Ἥ, ѱμ  ֱ ؼ 迡 پ  , پϸ, پϴٴ ˷ַ Դϴ.



κе, ̱ κе ѱ  ƴ ϴ. ѱ ׳ ּ ̵ ǥ 뿵 Ƿ,  鿡  ̱̳ κٵ ϴ.



å  տ 캻 ٿ 캸 մϴ.



̱  ǰ  ̰ , ׸ ׷ 캽ν ش Ư Ư ׸ ȭ Ư ˰ ϴ ֽϴ.



켱 Ͽ  캸 ϵ, , å ϰڽϴ.



å ε, ̱ε ϰ ִٴ ǥؾ ƴ϶ ڽ ѱε ڽ ϳ  ڽŰ ϸ κ ̳ ̱κٵ  ִٴ ٽ ѹ ϰ մϴ.



Դϴ. ѱ ۸ ϴ ͵ ϳ մϴ.



̷ Ѵٰ ؼ ڽŰ ʿ䰡 ϴ. л  ٰ ؼ װ 뿵 ƴմϴ.



 Ұմϴ. ̵ ѱ ˰ Ÿϰ , ̵鿡 . İ. ̿ ƴ л ϴ. ϸ  ϴ ƴմϴ.



ѱ ų ѱ Ÿ л̳ ܱε  鼭 ŵ԰Ÿ Դϴ. ̵ ̸԰ η ڽŰ ʿ䰡 ϴ.


뿡 ۸ ηؼ ȵ˴ϴ. ̰  ڽŰ Ű Դϴ.



׷,  鼭 Ϻη ƴմϴ. 뿵 ȸ ϴ ֽϴ. δ װ ϳ ؼ ϵ, ȥ ƾ մϴ.



ؼ ˴ϴ. ׻ ȸ ϴ ǥ  ϸ ޽ϴ. ׷ κ Ƿ ּ ̸ ȴ ˾ƴ մϴ. ׷ ̳ Դϴ.



å ⺻ ˾ƾ ֽϴ.


켱 (letter) (character) ǥ ⺻ -a- ڿ ǥϿϴ. ̴ ڸ ʱϰų ̴´ ǥ ⺻ ǥԴϴ.



̷ ڸ Ҹ ϴ Ҹ /a/ Ҹ ǥϿϴ.



, ̴ ڴ -a-ڶ ǥϰ, ̸ Ҹ Ǿ 鸮 Ҹ /a/ Ҹ ξǷ ̸ ϴµ Դϴ.



, å ⺻ ǥϿ ڽ ϴµ ǵ Ͽϴ.



ѵ , ⺻ ϰ ̸ ϰ , 𸣴 ̸ ְ ˾ ֽϴ.



⺻ ˾ƾ ϴ ƴմϴ. ׷, װ ڽ 𸣴 ش ϰ ־ մϴ. ׷ 𸣴 𸣴 ̶ ϰ ׿ Ͽ ̸ غ Ǵ Դϴ.



, ڽ ȭϴ ǥؾ , ִٸ, Konglish Ư ѱμ ٸ Ⱑ ׾ ڽ ϴ ǥ ϰ  ϴ ̶ մϴ.



å ø鼭 å ޺κп ġ ֺκ ¿ ʿ䰡 ϴ. 븸 ø ˴ϴ. θ Ͻð ָ ޾ Ƶ Դϴ. ʽڷμ ϴ Ƿ, Ͻð ߽ ʽÿ. 帳ϴ.



Ҿ Ѱ ߰ڸ, ݵ ߼ȣǥ ȸ ȣǥ ظ Ͻð ž մϴ( κ ڿ ÷ص. ͳ ˻ϼŵ ã ֽϴ. ̸ ܿ ʿ , ּ κ, Ư ݵ ϼž մϴ).



ڷ 2  ǥ⸦ ϴµ ־ ߿ ̰ ⺻̸, ̿ܿ ޸ ǥ ϴ. ϴ.



2 å ǥϴ ǥ ظ Ͻð ž å̳  ذ ˴ϴ. ̸ Ͻð Ͻø å д ̳  ذ Ұϴٴ ٽ ѹ Ȯν 帮, ε帳ϴ.



å ̿ ÷ε κ ¿ ʿ䰡 ϴ. θ Ͻð ٿξ ּ ֺκп ٰſ ڷ Դϴ. κ е κ ϰ κи ø մϴ.



ູ ΰ DZ⸦ 鼭.


2019.1.


̼ȣ

TAX & LAW PRESS


å
< >
ø 15
ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ) London ֺ (Essex)
2
å б 6
Ӹ 1
ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 16
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 17
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 18
24 ܾ鿡 ⺻ ǥ(Wells ) 19
å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
I. Essex 2
1. Essex 2
2. Essex 7
3. Essex 9
4. Essex (vowel) Ư¡ 14
. ߸ /a?/ Ҹ /oi/ Ҹ 14
. ܸ ٿ ϴ Ư 16
5. Essex (consonant) Ư¡ 17
. Yod Ż 17
. L Ż 19
. TH ϱ (TH fronting) 21
. 23
6. Essex ֻ Ư¡ 25
7. Essex ִ 97
1


ȸ Ⱓ 1




߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)

ѱ 100 /ڷ/ =
100 English dialects in the world for Koreans. ױ۷ /
: , ̼ȣ. --
// : Tax & law press, 2018
å å . -- ( ø ; 1)

ѱ,  ȥռϵ
ISBN 979-11-88917-27-3 05740 : 5000
ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740

/۰/
н//
//

748-KDC6
427-DDC23 CIP2019000109
< >
ø 1
ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ )
Ӹ 1
1 (category of English) 1
1 4
2 (Native English) ֿ 7
1 躸 8
2 ǥ(Standard), ׸ (Dialect or Accent) 14
3 ǥ (Standard English) 19
4 21
1 (Europe) 23
1 ױ۷ (England) 26


ȸ Ⱓ 2




߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)

ѱ 100 /ڷ/ =
100 English dialects in the world for Koreans. 뿵 /
: , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2018
å å . -- ( ø ; 2)

ѱ,  ȥռϵ
ISBN 979-11-88917-28-0 05740 : 10000
ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740

/۰/
н//
//

748-KDC6
427-DDC23 CIP2019000110
< >
ø 2
ѱ 100 ( 뿵 )
Ӹ 1
1
1. (Receive Pronunciation. RP) 1
. 뿵(RP) ΰ 1
. ܱε ַ ϴ  ٷ 뿵Դϴ. 2
. 뿵 ⺻ Ǵ Դϴ. 3
. 뿵 ۿ ⺻ Ǵ Դϴ. 3
. 뿵 ױ۷ Դϴ. 4
. 뿵 Ư¡ 5
1) Ư¡ 5
2) ȣ(IPA) 7
3) 뿵 ȣ ̸ ǥ 9
4) Ծ غ 10
5) ߼ غ 11
6) غ ߼ȣ Ī 12
7) ȣ ǥ д 13
8) 񱸸 غ 14
9) 뿵 Ư¡ 16
) 뿵 Ҹ(nasal) (liquids) Ư¡ 16
) ȣ(IPA) Ҹ ǥ /?/ Ҹ 뿵 21
) Ŀ(voiceless plosive) 뿵 Ư¡ 21
) /s/ Ҹ Ҹȭ ϴ ǥԴϴ. 22
) Ŀ ڿ (approximant) ڵ 22
) Ŀ(voiceless plosive) /k/, /p/, /t/, /t?/ Ҹ 24
) Ŀ(voiced plosives) /b/, /d/, /?/, /d?/ Ҹ ȭ 26
) Ҹ (voice) ϰ ϴ (fortis) 27
) (voiced) // Ҹ 29
10) 뿵 (vowels) Ư¡ 30
) ܸ(monophthong) 30
) (long) ܸ(monophthongs) 32
) 뿵 (long vowel) ߸ȭ 33
) 뿵 ª Դϴ. 34
) ߶󳻱(clipping) ȭ 35
) ߶󳻱(clipping) ƶ ̰ ȭ 36
) Ŀ /t/ Ҹ /d/ Ҹ ̿ ܾ 37
) ȭ ߼ȭ 39
) (unstressed vowels) (quality) մϴ. 40
) 뿵 ߸(diphthongs) ߸(triphthongs) Ư¡ 41
ī) 뿵 BATH (vowel) Ư¡ 48
) ܾ(French words) Ͽ 51
ī) 뿵 ǥ⿡ ü ǥ (Alternative notation) 52
. 뿵 ȭ(Historical variation) 53
1) CLOTH, gone, off, often ܾ ȭ 55
2) Horse-Hoarse и(horse-hoarse split) 56
3) Dress Face 56
4) ܾ -y- 57
5) Cup ȭ 57
6) Goat ȭ 58
. 뿵 ٸ 60
. 뿵(Conservative RP) 66
1) ߸ Ư 67
) Happy ܾ ȭ(Happy tensing) 68
) /e/ Ҹ 68
) // Ҹ 69
) NURSE /?/ Ҹ 70
) /?/ Ҹ 70
) schaw /?/ Ҹ 71
) /??/ Ҹ Ź /l/ Ҹ(dark l) /?/ Ҹ տ 72
) ߸ 72
) /??/ Ҹ 74
) /e?/ Ҹ 75
2) (Consonants) Ư 75
ī. ϱ ߺ(Spoken specimen) 76
1) ڹ ǥ(Orthographic transcription) 77
2) ǥ(Phonemic transription) 78
3) ǥ(Allophonic transcription) 78
ī. 뿵 ڵ 79
1
ȸ Ⱓ 3




߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)

ѱ 100 /ڷ/ =
100 English dialects in the world for Koreans.
ױ۷ Ϻ /
: , ̼ȣ. --
// : Tax & law press, 2019
å å . -- ( ø ; 3)

ѱ,  ȥռϵ
ISBN 979-11-88917-29-7 05740 : 10000
ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740

/۰/
н//
//

748-KDC6
427-DDC23 CIP2019000358
< >
ø 3
ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ )

å б 4
Ӹ 1
å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1

Ϻ (Northern England English) 1

. ױ۷ Ϻ(Northern England) 2
1) ױ۷ 2
2) ױ۷ (region) , ȭ, 4

. Ϻ(Northern) Ī 5
1) Ī 5
2) Ϻ 輱 6
3) Ϻ 8

. Ϻ 10
1) 10
2) ̸ Britain Celtic Briton Ī 12

. Ϻ(Northern England English) 14
1) 14
2) Ϻλ 輱 پ 16
3) Ϻλ ϴ ױ۷ County 23
4) Ϻ ȭ 帧 25

. Ϻ ױ۷ 26
1) Ϻ 26
I) (North West) 28
II) (North East) 30
III) Yorkshire & Humberside 32
2) ȭ ο پ (subdialect) 33

. Ϻ(Northern England English) ģ ǵ 35
1) 35
2) Celtic 36
3) ŷ 븣(Norse) 37
4) Northumbia ձ 39
5) Ϸ ֿ Ϸ(Irish) 42
6) Ʋ 45

. Ϻλ ȭ 46

. 47

. Ϻλ (speech) Ư¡ 48

1) Ϻλ 49
i) // Ҹ 50
ii) /?/ Ҹ 51
iii) /?r/ Ҹ 52
iv) /a?/ Ҹ 53
v) /a?/ Ҹ 54
vi) /e?/ Ҹ 55
vii) /?r/ Ҹ 56
viii) /?r/ Ҹ 57
ix) /i/ Ҹ 58
x) /i/ Ҹ 59
xi) /?/ Ҹ 60
xii) /o?/ Ҹ 61
xiii) /?/ Ҹ 62
xiv) /u/ Ҹ 63

2) Ϻλ 64
i) ܾ ߰ (intervocalic &) (postvocalic) /k/ Ҹ 65
ii) ܾ ùӸ (initial) /h/ Ҹ 66
iii) /l/ Ҹ 68
iv) ִ (stressed-syllable) // Ҹ 70
v) ڿ (post-consonantal &) ߰(intervocalic) /r/ Ҹ 71
vi) ̳߰, ܾ , տ(intervocalic, final & pre-consonantal) /t/ Ҹ 72

3) Ϻ Trap-Bath и(trap-bath slit) 73
) Trap-Bath и(trap-bath split) 74
) и ߻ϰ 76
) ٸ и 79
) ̱ ױ۷ и 80
) Ϻο ̷ и Ƿ Ҹ 81
) Ϻ Trap Bath ܾ /a/ Ҹ Ͽ 83
(1) Bath ܾ /a/ Ҹ 83
(2) Trap ܾ /a/ Ҹ 85
(3) Palm ܾ /a/ Ҹ 86

4) Ϻο /r/ Ҹ Ͽ 87
) ⺻ /r/ Ҹ 87
) Ϻ /r/ Ҹ 89

5) /r/ Ҹ ʴ non rhotic 90
) rhotic non rhotic 90
) non rhotic ߻ϴ 91
) rhotic non rhotic ߻ϴ 92

6) Ϻ Foot-Strut и(foot-strut slit) 96
) Foot-Strut и(foot-strut split) 97
) Foot-Strut и ױ۷ 98
) Foot-Strut պ(Merger) 100
) Oop North"  . 102
) 뿵 /?/ Ҹ Ǵ ܾ ȭ (lengthening) 103

7) Face -a- Goat -oa- 104

8) Dress -e- 106

9) Happy ܾ -y- Ͽ 107

10) L Ҹ Ͽ 108

11) -ng- ڿ /g/ Ҹ Ͽ 111

12) the Ͽ 113

13) -t-ڸ /r/ Ҹ ϴ Ͽ 114

. Ϻ (intonation) Ͽ 115

ī. Ϻ Ư 116
1) Ϻο ־Ģ(subject rule) 117
2) to be ݺȭ Ͽ 118
3) Mustn't ǹ̷ Ͽ 120
4) might Ͽ 121
5) Ī Ͽ 122
) 1Ī Ͽ 122
) 1Ī Ͽ 124
) 2Ī Ī Ͽ 126
) ʹ Ͽ 128

Ÿ. Ϻο Ư¡ Ͽ 130
1) ߼ Ǵ ܾ 130
2) Celtic κ ܾ 132
3) ȣĪ Ư ܾ 133
4) owt, nowt 134
5) Ÿ Ư Ϻο ܾ 135
6) Down ſ Doon ̶ ܾ ϴ 136
7) -ong ڷ ܾ -ang üϿ 138

. Ϻλ ؿܷκ ̹ڵ  139

. Ϻ 鿡 ߰ å 140

1

ȸ Ⱓ 4




< >
ø 4
ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ Cheshire Cumbria )

å б 4
Ӹ 1
ȣǥ 14
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 17
å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1


. Cheshire 1
1) Cheshire 2
2) Cheshire 6
3) Cheshire Ư¡ 9
4) Cheshire ֻ Ư¡ 10
4) Cheshire ִ 20


. Cumbrian 23
1) Cumbria 23
2) Cumbria 25
) Celtic Cumbric 25
) Celtic  ణ 25
) Celtic Cumbric 29
3) Cumbria (Cumbria English) Ư¡ 31
4) Celtic Celtic Cumbrian  Cumbria (English Dialect) ģ 32
) Cumbrian 32
) Ī(place name) ִ Cumbrian 34
) ڸ Yan 35
) ̻ -s Ī ҹϰ ϴ Ϻο ־ Ģ 38
5) Cumbrian Ҹ 39
6) 븣(Old Norse) Cumbria 40
) 븣 41
) Cumbria κ Ī 븣(Old Norse) 42
) Ÿ ܾ 븣 ͵ 43
) 븣 ġ ִٰ 44
7) Ÿ ٸ 45
8) Cumbria Ư¡ 46
) Ư¡ 47
) 뿵 49
) /l/ Ҹ и(split) 52
) moor ܾ Ư¡ 54
) Cure ܾ 3 ϴ 55
9) Cumbria Ư¡ 56
) /g/ Ҹ /k/ Ҹ (dropping) 57
) /h/ Ҹ (dropping) 58
) /l/ Ҹ (elision) 60
) /r/ Ҹ Ư¡ 62
) /t/ Ҹ Ư¡ 64
) /y/ Ҹ Ư¡ 67
) -cl- ڿ Ư¡ 70
10) Cumbria ܾ (stress) Ư¡ 72
11) Barrow in Furness Ư Ư 73
12) Cumbria ֻ Ư¡ 76
13) Cumbria ִ
1
1

ȸ Ⱓ 5




߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)

ѱ 100 /ڷ/ =
100 English dialects in the world for Koreans.
ױ۷ Ϻ Barrovian , Lancastrian /
: , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2019
å å . -- ( ø ; 5)

ѱ,  ȥռϵ
ISBN 979-11-88917-31-0 05740 : 10000
ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740

/۰/
н//
//

748-KDC6
427-DDC23 CIP2019001312
< >
ø 5
ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ Barrovian , Lancastrian )

Ӹ 1
ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16
å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1

. Barrovian 1

1) Barrovian 1
2) Barrow Ư 4

3) Barrovian ü Ư¡ 8
) Ī 8
) /s/ Ҹ /z/ Ҹȭ 9
) /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 10
) T ȭ Ǵ T ȭ (T glottalization) 10
) G Ż(G dropping) 17
) H-dropping(H Ż) 18
) Th-fronting(Th Ҹ ռ) 19
) ܾ -ure ڿ 20
) /?u:r/ Ҹ ܾ ü 22

4) Barrovian ֻ Ư¡ 24
) ǥ very ſ dead Ǵ well 24
) like ܾ 25
) Ÿ ̶ ǥ "and that" 25
) Barrovian Ư¡ ǥ 26

5) ϴ ε 29
6) ִ 31


. Lancastrian 36

1) Lancastrian 36
2) Lancashire 37
3) Lancashire Ȳ 41

4) Lancashire ȭ 44
) Lancashire ȭ 44
) ĭ𳪺ƾ 47

5) Lancastrian Ư 49
) 뿵 49
) Lancastrian ǥ(vowel drift) 51
) Nurse-Square պ(Nurse-square merger) 55
) ܾ ߰ -oo- 58
) ܾ -oo ڷ ̿ /u/ Ҹ Ͽ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 59
) ܾ -ake ڷ Ư 62
) ܾ -ight ڷ 63
) ܾ -ought ڷ 66
) hole /??/ Ҹ 68
) Speak ܾ Ư /e?/ Ҹ 70
ī) Ϲ -a- ڿ /a/ Ҹ ƴ /o/ Ҹ ٲپ ϴ 72
Ÿ) Bury ܾ /u/ Ҹ ϴ 74

6) Lancastrian (consonant) Ư 76
) rhoticity 76
) -ng NG (NG coalescence) 81
) /t/ Ҹ /r/ Ҹȭ 84
) ܾ ߰ -l- ڿ /l/ Ҹ Ż 85
) ܾ -ool ڷ /l/ Ҹ Ż 86
) ܾ -s /z/ Ҹ ϴ 87
) to be (negative) տ Ư¡ 88
) (consonant) ߺ 89

7) lancastrian 90

8) Lancastrian Ư 91
) (definite article) (elision) Ǵ (reduction) 91
) Lancastrian 2Ī Ư 93
) 3Ī ܼ Ư¡ 100
) ʹ -self Ư 103
) to be Ư 104

9) Lancastrian Ư¡ 105
10) ִ 118

1

ȸ Ⱓ 6




߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)

ѱ 100 /ڷ/ =
100 English dialects in the world for Koreans.
ױ۷ Ϻ Geordie , Hartlepool /
: . -- // : Tax & law press, 2019
å å . -- ( ø ; 6)

ѱ,  ȥռϵ
ISBN 979-11-88917-32-7 05740 : 10000
ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740

/۰/
н//
//

748-KDC6
427-DDC23 CIP2019001313
< >
ø 6
ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ Geordie , Hartlepool )

å б 4
Ӹ 1
ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16
å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
. Geordie 1
1) 2
2) Geordie 4
3) Geordie 7
4) Geordie õ 10
5) Geordie ܸ(monophthong) Ư¡ 14
) Geordie ܸ(monophthong) 14
) Geordie (length) پ ȭ 17
) Geordie Ư¡ 19
) Trap-Bath պ(trap-bath merger) 25
I) Trap-Bath պ 25
II) ª /a/ Ҹ(short a) ȭ 27
III) Geordie Ư ª /a/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ 28
) Geordie Foot-Strut и(foot-strut split) 31
) Geordie schwa /?/ Ҹ ȭ 34
) schwa /?/ Ҹ ſ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 36
) ϼ -es -ed schwa ̿ϴ Ư¡ 38
) -o- ڿ /i/ Ҹȭ 40
) Geordie /i/ Ҹ /u/ Ҹ 41
ī) Happy -y- ڿ 45
Ÿ) Geordie /e/ Ҹ /o/ Ҹ 46
) Geordie /o/ Ҹ Ͽ 49
) /o/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ պ 51
) Geordie // Ҹ 52
6) Geordie ߸(diphthong) Ư¡ 56
) Geordie ߸ 5 57
) ߸ /u/ Ҹ 58
) ߸ /i?/ Ҹ /u?/ Ҹ 61
) ߸ /ai/ Ҹ 62
7) Geordie (consonant) Ư¡ 65
) R Ҹ ʴ non rhotic 66
) Yod (Yod coalescence) 70
) ȭ Ǵ ȭ(Glottalization) 72
) T ȭ(T glottalization) Ǵ Geordie Ư ȭ Ǵ ȭ(preglottalization) 74
) /p/, /k/ Ҹ ȭ(glottal reinforcement) 76
) Ҹȭ(pre-aspiration) 77
) -ing ڿ /n/ Ҹ 79
) /l/ Ҹ ȭ(vocalization) 80
8) Geordie (vocabulary) Ư¡ 82
. Hartlepudlian 103
1) Hartlepool 104
2) Hartlepool 106
3) Hartlepool̶ ̸ 109
4) Hartlepool Ư ֵ 110
1

ȸ Ⱓ 7




߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)

ѱ 100 /ڷ/ =
100 English dialects in the world for Koreans.
ױ۷ Ϻ
Mackem , Northumbrian Pitmatic , Smoggie /
: , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2019
å å . -- ( ø ; 7)

ѱ,  ȥռϵ
ISBN 979-11-88917-33-4 05740 : 10000
ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740

/۰/
н//
//

748-KDC6
427-DDC23 CIP2019002308
< >
ø 7
ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ Mackem , Northumbrian , Pitmatic , Smoggie )

< >
ø 7 2
å б 4
Ӹ 1
ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16
å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1

. Mackem 1
1) Mackem 1
2) Sunderland 4
3) Mackem ̶ 8
4) Mackem Ư¡ 13
) make take ܾ Ư̼ 13
) ܾ -own ڰ 15
) ܾ -ool ڷ 17
) ޸(back vowel) /u/ Ҹ ߰ (central vowel)ȭ 20
) film ܾ schwa 22
) face ڿ schwa /?/ Ҹ (insertion) (reduction) 23
i) schwa 23
ii) /??/ Ҹ (rediction) 24
iii) yod 25
) Comma ܾ /?/ Ҹ 28
) Trap // Ҹ 29
) curry Ư¡ 34
) Brown ܾ Ư¡ 36
) River Wear Ϻ Mackem ο 39
5) Macke Ư¡ 40
) H Ż 40
6) Mackem Ư¡ 46
7) Mackem ֻ Ư¡ 48
8) Mackem ִ 52

. Northumbrian 56
1) Northumbrian 56
2) Northumberland 61
3) Northumberland ģ 65
4) Northumbrian Ư¡ 71
) /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 71
) -i- ڿ /?/ Ҹ 73
) /?/ Ҹ /a/ Ҹȭ 74
) /a??/ Ҹ /u/ Ҹȭ 76
) /e?/ Ҹ /e?/ Ҹȭ 78
) /?/ Ҹ /u/ Ҹȭ 80
) Foot-Strut պ(foot-strut merger) 81
) goat /o/ Ҹȭ 84
5) Northumbrian Ư¡ 85
) /t/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 85
) -ing ڿ /n/ Ҹȭ 87
) -r- ڿ Northumbrian burrȭ(Northumbrian burr) 89
6) Northumbrian Geordie 92
) ȭ(lengthen) 92
) ȭ Ǵ /r/ Ҹ ȭ 94
7) Northumbrian Ʋ 95
8) Northumbrian ֻ Ư¡ 96
9) Northumbrian ִ 104

. Pitmatic 107
1) Pitmatic 107
2) Pitmatic 109
3) Pitmatic 111
4) Pitmatic ̶ ̸ 112
5) Pitmatic Ư¡ 113
6) Pitmatic Ư¡ 115
) 񱸸 R Ҹ 115
) 񱸸 R Ҹ 117
7) Pitmatic ֻ Ư¡ 120

8) Pitmatic ִ 132
. Smoggie 136
1) Smoggie 136
2) Smoggie 138
3) Smoggie 140
4) Smoggie ֻ Ư¡ 141
5) Smoggie ִ 163
165

ȸ Ⱓ 8




߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)

ѱ 100 /ڷ/ =
100 English dialects in the world for Koreans.
ױ۷ Ϻ Mancunian , Scouse Yorkshire /
: , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2019
å å . -- ( ø ; 8)

ѱ,  ȥռϵ
ISBN 979-11-88917-34-1 05740 : 25000
ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740

/۰/
н//
//

748-KDC6
427-DDC23 CIP2019002961
< >
ø 8
ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ Mancunian , Scouse , Yorkshire )

å б 4
Ӹ 1
ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16
24 ܾ鿡 ⺻ ǥ(Wells ) 17
å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1

ī. Mancunian 1

1) Mancunian 1
2) Manchester ̸ 3
3) Manchester 5
4) 10
5) Mancunian 13
6) Manchester Lancastrian , Cheshire , Yorkshire 缺 15

7) Manchester Ư¡ 19
) Ҹ Ͽ ϴ 19
) Foot-Strut պ(Foot-Strut merger) 20
) Trap-Bath պ(trap-bath merger) 23
) Goat, Face ܾ ߸ȭ 25
) Happy ܾ -y ڿ ȭ 29

8) Mancunian Ư¡ 33
) -ing NG (NG Coalescence) 33
) /k/, /p/, /t/ Ҹ ȭ(glottal reinforcement) 37

9) Manchester ֻ Ư¡ 40
8) Mancunian ִ 51

Ÿ. Scouse 56

1) Scouse 56
2) Liverpool (Scouse) 61
3) Scouse 63
4) Scouse 65
5) Scouse Ư¡ 68

6) Scouse Ư¡ 73
) Scouse ܸ ǥ 73
) /e:/ Ҹ پ ȭ 75
) Foot-Strut պ(foot-strut merger) 76
) Trap-Bath պ(trap-bath merger) 79
) /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ, ׸ /a/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ȵǴ 82
) /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 84
) /a/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ȥ 86
) book, cook, look ܾ Ư̼ 87
) (weak vowel) պ 91
) ܾ ܸ /i/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ߸ȭ 93
ī) Scouse /?/ Ҹ 95
Ÿ) Happy ܾ 97
) Square-Nurse պ(merger) /e:/ Ҹ پ ȭ 98
) ߻ Square-Nurse и 101
) /?/ Ҹ Ư̼ 102

7) Scouse ߸ Ư¡ 103
) Scouse ߸ 103
) /i?/ Ҹ 106
) /u?/ Ҹ 107
) /e?/ Ҹ 110
) /??/ Ҹ 112
) /a?/ Ҹ 117
) /a?/ Ҹ 119

8) Scouse (consonant) Ư 120
) NG и(NG split) 120
) G Ż 123
) /t/ Ҹ /h/ Ҹ ȭ(glottal) 125
) /t/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 129
) /t/ /?/ Ҹȭ 131
) Ŀ (voiceless plosives) /p/, /t/, /k/ Ҹ ȭ(Fricatisation) 133
) /k/ Ҹ ȭ 136
) /p/ Ҹ ȭ 137
) Ŀ(voiceless plosives) /p/, /t/, /k/ Ҹ Ҹȭ(aspiration) 138
) Ŀ(voiced plosives) /b/, /d/, /?/ Ҹ ȭ( fricatised) 141
ī) ̻ (dental fricatives) //, // Ҹ ̻ ȭ(dental stop) 143
Ÿ) Scouse non rhotic 144
) H 147

9) Scouse ֻ Ư¡ 148
10) Scouse ִ 160

. Yorkshire 165

1) Yorkshire 165
2) Yorkshire 167
3) Yorkshire ̾ ౸ 173

4) Yorkshire Ư¡ 176
) Trap-Bath պ(merger) 176
) Foot-Strut պ(merger) 180
) Huddersfield love Ư 183
) Face ܾ ܸȭ ϴ 185
) ܾ -ake-ڸ Ϻ ܾ , /?/ Ҹ ϴ 187
) Goat ܾ ܸȭ ϴ 189
) open, over, woke, go Ϻ ܾ -o- 192
) /l/ Ҹտ schwa 194
) /r/ Ҹ տ /?/ Ҹ ȭ 196
) ؾ Nurse ܾ Ư 197
ī) Near ܾ /??/ Ҹ /e?/ Ҹ 199
Ÿ) Prize /a?/ Ҹ ܸȭ 201
) Mouth ܾ /a?/ ܸ /a/ Ҹȭ ϴ 203
) ܾ -y ڿ Ư 206
) schwa Ư 208
) λ翡 ִ 209
) Fleece ܾ ܸ ߸ȭϴ 211
) /?/ Ҹ Ư¡ 213
) -ook ڸ ܾ ȭ 214
) -ere ڸ ܾ /i?/ Ҹ 216
) key ܾ ߸ȭ 218
) ܾ -oor Ư 220
) -ought ܾ Ư¡ 222
ó) -ight-ڷ ܾ 224

5) Yorkshire Ư¡ 227
) (voiced consonant) ȭ(assimilation) (voiceless consonant)ȭ 227
) -b ڿ ȭ 229
) -ng G Ż /n/ Ҹȭ 231
) H Ż 235
) ɴܾ(function word) ġ /d/, /t/, /f/, //, // Ҹ (ommission) 237
) ܾ -th ڿ 240
) was -s 242
) ܾ /k/ Ҹ ȭ 243
) Ŀ /k/, /p/, /t/ Ҹ ȭ 245
) non rhotic 247
ī) -th- ڿ Ծ ̵ϴ (Th-fronting) 250
Ÿ) T ȭ(T-glottalisation) 252
) -th-, -g-, -t- ڿ /d/, /t/ Ҹ 255

6) Yorkshire Ư¡ 259
) ̱ (Definite article reduction) 260
) 뿵(Old English) ܾ 262
) 񱳱޿ than ſ nor ϴ 263
) ġ, ߷, Ÿ, , Ÿ ܾ 264
) 1Ī ܼ me, 1Ī our ſ us ϴ 265
) 2Ī ܼ thou ϴ 266
) 1Ī ܼ 翡 Ͽ was ſ were ϴ 267
) ߺ(double negative) ϴ 268
) that ſ what Ǵ as ϴ 269
ī) 3Ī those ſ them ϴ 271
Ÿ) (Negative contraction) 272

7) Yorkshire ֻ Ư¡ 273
8) Yorkshire ִ 296

299


ȸ Ⱓ 9




߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)
ѱ 100 /ڷ/ =
100 English dialects in the world for Koreans : ױ۷ ߺ . East midlands, West midlands, Black country, Birmingham, Potteries, Coventry /
: , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2019
å å . -- ( ø ; 9)

ѱ,  ȥռϵ
ISBN 979-11-88917-35-8 05740 : 25000
ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740

/۰/
н//
//

748-KDC6
427-DDC23 CIP2019003632
< >
ø 9
ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ߺ ) (East Midlands, West Midlands, Black Country, Birmingham, Potteries, Coventry )


å б 4
Ӹ 1
ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16
24 ܾ鿡 ⺻ ǥ(Wells ) 17
å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1

3. ߺ ױ۷ (Midlands English) 1

. ߺ(Midlands) ױ۷ 1

. ߺ(Midlands of England) 7

1) 7
2) ߺ 9
) Anglo-Saxon Mercia ձ 9
) 븣(Old Norse) ϳ ũ(Danish) 10
3) ߺ (Midlands) 2ȭ 13

. ߺ(East Midland) ױ۷ 17

1) ߺ ױ۷(East Midlands England) 17
2) ߺ(East Midlands) 18
3) Danelaw ũ(Danish) 22
4) ߼(Middle English) 26
5) Ҽ D. H. Lawrence ټ ǰ 28
6) ߺ Ư¡ 29
) -th- ڿ о ϴ(Th Fronting) 29
7) ߺ(East Midlands) Ư¡ 32
) 2Ī ȣĪ(address) thou 33
) Ī ̸ -s ſ -n 34
) ʹ ̸ -self ſ -sen 36
8) ߺ(East Midlands) ֻ Ư¡ 38
9) ߺ(East Midlands) (Sub dialects) 45
) Southern Northamptonshire 46
(1) 46
(2) Ư̼ 47
(3) Southern Northamptonshire ִ 52
) Corb . 55
(1) Corby 55
(2) Corby 57
(3) Corby ִ 59
) Derbyshire 63
(1) Derbyshire 63
(2) 63
(3) Derbyshire ִ 68
) Lincolnshire East Lincolnshire 71
(1) Lincolnshire 71
(2) 73
(3) Lincolnshire ִ 75
) Nottinghamshire 78
(1) Nottinghamshire 78
(2) Nottinghamshire ִ 81

. ߺ(West Midlands) 85

1) ߺ(West Midlands) 85
2) ߺ(West Midlands) 87
3) ߺ(West Midlands) Mercia ձ 90
4) 18 93
5) West Midlands Ư¡ 95

. Black Country 103

1) Black Country 103
2) Black Country α ֺ 105
3) Black Country Ư¡ 107
) Trap-Bath պ(Trap-Bath merger) 107
) // Ҹ /a/ Ҹ 110
) Foot-Strut պ(foot-strut merger) 111
) ܾ (reduction) 113
) you Ư 114
4) Black Country Ư¡ 115
) NG (NG coalescence) 115
) R Ҹ ʴ non rhotic 117
) L ȭ 119
) ܾ ġ ȭ 121
) ܾ -gh- ڿ 123
5) Black Country Ư¡ 125
) 2Ī thou, thee, thy ¸ 125
) yes ſ ar ϴ 127
) 2Ī you ſ ye, ya, Ǵ Yow ϴ 128
) Black Country Yam Yam ̶ θ 130
) go Ͽ goo Ǵ gewin 132
) ܾ ϴ 134
6) Black Country ֻ Ư¡ 135
7) Black Country ִ 162

. Birmingham Ǵ Brummie 166

1) Brummie 166
2) Brummie 169
3) α 177
) Black Country 177
) Solihull 179
) Coventry 180
4) Shakespeare 181
5) Brummie 182
6) Birmingham ߽ɵ÷μ Brummie 184
7) Brummie Ư¡ 189
) Brummie ⺻ 189
) Trap-Bath պ(merger) 193
) Foot-Strut պ(merger) 196
) Face ܾ /e?/ Ҹ Ư 198
) Goat ܾ /??/ Ҹ Ư 200
) Price-Choice պ(merger) 202
) Mouth ܾ /a?/ Ҹ Ư 204
) Force ܾ Ư¡ 206
) CURE ܾ 208
) paw, pour, poor Ư¡ 210
) ܸ /ju/ Ҹ ߸ /??/ Ҹ ϴ Ư 211
ī) Happy ܾ -y Ư 214
Ÿ) ܾ ġ schwa /?/ Ҹ Ư¡ 215
8) Brummie Ư 216
) NG 216
) ܾ -s ڿ /z/ Ҹ ϴ 217
) տ -r- ڿ ε帲(tapping)ȭ 218
9) Brummie ֻ Ư 219
10) Brummie ִ 231

. Potteries 234

1) Potteries 234
2) Potteries 236
3) ϸ ڱ(Pottery) ߴ 238
4) Potteries 241
5) Potteries (Vowel) Ư¡ 243
) /?/ Ҹ κ /?/ Ҹȭ 243
) Trap-Bath պ(Trap-Bath merger) 246
) /a/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 249
) /e/ Ҹ ߸ /ei/ Ҹȭ 250
) /ai/ Ҹ ܸ /i/ Ҹȭ 251
) /i/ Ҹ /e/ Ҹ (merger) 253
) /el/ Ҹ /al/ Ҹȭ 256
6) Potteries (consonant) Ư¡ 258
) H Ż( H dropping) 258
) -ng ڸ /n/ Ҹ ϴ 260
7) Potteries Ư 264
8) Potteries ֻ Ư¡ 265
9) Potteries ִ 272

. Coventry 276

1) Coventry 276
2) Coventry 278
3) Coventry 280
4) Coventry Ư¡ 282
) Trap-Bath պ(merger) 282
) -a- ڿ ȭ 284
5) Coventry Ư¡ 286
) T ȭ ȭ(T glottalization) 286
) -l- ڿ 288
6) Coventry ֻ Ư¡ 290
7) Coventry ִ 297

1


ȸ Ⱓ 10


߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)
ѱ 100 /ڷ/ =
100 English dialects in the world for Koreans :
ױ۷ . East Anglian, Norfolk, Suffolk
/ : , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2019
å å . -- ( ø ; 10)

ѱ,  ȥռϵ
ISBN 979-11-88917-36-5 05740 : 20000
ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740

/۰/
н//
//

748-KDC6
427-DDC23 CIP2019004102
< >
ø 10
ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ) East Anglian, Norfolk, Suffolk DIALECT

å б 4
Ӹ 1
ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16
24 ܾ鿡 ⺻ ǥ(Wells ) 17
å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
4. ױ۷(East of England English) 1
. ױ۷(East of England) 1
1) ױ۷(East of England English) 1
2) ױ۷ 6
3) ױ۷ 10
4) ױ۷ (East Anglian) Ư¡ 14
) Bath , Palm , Start ܾ Ư 14
) First Ư 16
) stone Ư̼ 18
) David naked Ư̼ 19
) sure, pure, fury Ư̼ 20
5) Ư¡ 22
) H Ż(H dropping) 22
) Ŀ(voiceless plosive) /p/, /k/ Ҹ ȭ 25
) Ŀ(voiceless plosive) /t/ Ҹ ȭ 27
) (rhyme) Ư¡ 29
6) Ư¡ 30
) 3Ī ܼ 翡 -s 30
) ġ or ſ do ϴ 32
) ߼ it ſ that ϴ 33
) while ſ time ϴ 34
) ̶ ǹ just ſ now ϴ 35
7) ֻ Ư¡ 36
. Norfolk 39
1) Norfolk 39
2) Norfolk 45
3) Norfolk 47
4) Norfolk (vowel) Ư 50
) Norfolk ܸ 50
) ѷ 52
) Foot-Strut и(split) 53
) Yod Ż 56
) Foot ܾ 58
) Goat ܾ 60
) ܾ -f, -ff, -gh, -th ڸ ܾ 62
) Goat ܾ 66
) Goat ܾ 70
) Near-Square պ(merger) 73
ī) ܼȭ 75
Ÿ) -ing տ ܼȭ(smoothing) 77
5) Norfolk (consonant) Ư 78
) R Ҹ non rhotic 78
) H Ż(dropping) 82
) Yod Ż(Yod dropping) 84
) Cure Yod Ż ܼȭ 87
) ȭ ȭ 89
) L Ҹ Ư¡ 92
) -ing ڿ /?n/ Ҹ ϴ 96
) -th ڿ -shr Ư̼ 98
) -v ڿ /w/ Ҹ ϴ 100
) (intonation) Ư¡ 102
6) Ư¡ 103
) 3Ī ܼ -s 103
) be 3Ī ܼ was ƴ϶ were 105
) ־ ߼ it ſ that 106
) ߼ one Ư -un ڷ (reduction) 109
) do پ 110
) ӻ though Ͽ do ܾ ϴ 114
) yet ܾ ǹ 116
) any ܾ Ư 117
) on ̶ ܾ Ư 118
) of ̶ ܾ Ư 119
ī) Ư ȭ 120
Ÿ) ״ ϴ Ư¡ 122
) ұĢ Ϸ Ư¡ 124
) be (negative) Ư ȭ 126
) 縦 what üϿ ϴ 128
) that those ſ them ϴ 130
) 縦 λ ״ ϴ Ư¡ 132
) more than ſ above ϴ Ư¡ 134
) never پ ǥ 135
) together پ ǥ 137
) л -ing a- λ縦 ߰Ͽ ǥϴ 138
) ð ӻ while ſ time ϴ Ư¡ 140
) λ 141
ó) ߺ(double negative) 142
Ŀ) ߺ ܾ 143
7) ֻ Ư¡ 145
8) Norfolk ִ 191
. Suffolk 194
1) Suffolk 194
2) Suffolk 196
3) Suffolk 199
4) Suffolk Ư¡ 201
) ȭ 201
) /o/ Ҹ /oo/ Ҹȭ 203
) /a?/ Ҹ /e-oo/ Ҹ ϴ 205
) ܾ ߰ Ҹ ߰ (insertion) 207
) /e?r/ Ҹ /??r/ Ҹ ϴ 208
) ߸ Ư¡ 210
5) Ư¡ 211
) Yod Ż(Yod dropping) 211
) R Ҹ non rhotic 213
) /t/ Ҹ ȭ(glottalization) 215
) H Ż(H dropping)̳ H (H insertion) Ư¡ 217
) -thr ڿ -tr ȭ 219
6) Ư¡ 222
7) Ư¡ 223
) ſϷ -uh ̸ Ͽ ϴ Ư¡ 223
) -ing ڷ ܾ -en üϴ 224
) ұĢ źл -uh ̸ ̿Ͽ Ģ ȭ ϴ 225
) ߼ it ſ that ϴ 226
) ȭ Ư̼ 227
) ܾ -en ϴ 228
) owe Ư 229
) snow, mow, sow ew ¸ 231
) sit sot ϴ Ư¡ 232
ī) can ſ kin ϴ 233
Ÿ) nothing ſ nawn ϴ 234
) to-day ¸ to-year ϴ 235
8) ֻ Ư¡ 236
9) Suffolk ִ 262
1




߾ӵ ǿ(CIP) ý Ȩ(http://seoji.nl.go.kr) ڷոϽý(http://www.nl.go.kr/kolisnet) ̿Ͻ ֽϴ. (CIPȣ : CIP2019006113)
< >
ø 11
ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ) I (LONDON , SLOANE-SPEAK )

å б 5
Ӹ 1
ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 15
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 17
24 ܾ鿡 ⺻ ǥ(Wells ) 18
å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
5. Southern 1
. (Southern England English) 1
. ױ۷(Southern England) 2
. Ư 6
. (Southern England English) 輱 8
6. South East 13
. ױ۷(South East) 13
. ױ۷ 13
. ױ۷ ֿ Ư¡ 20
1) ȭ 20
2) Ư¡ 21
) Trap ܾ Ư̼ 21
) strut ܾ ̵ϴ (backing) 24
) Foot ܾ Ծȿ ̵ϴ (fronting) 25
) Face ܾ Ư 27
) goat ܾ ϱ (goat fronting) 29
) goose ܾ Ư¡ 31
) Price ܾ Ư¡ 33
) mouth ܾ Ư¡ 35
) /??/ Ҹ, /??/ Ҹ, /??/ Ҹ Ư¡ 37
3) Ư¡ 39
) H Ż(H-dropping) پ 39
) -Th- ڿ ϴ (Th-fronting) þ 41
. ױ۷ 2 43
7. Greater London 45
. Greateor London 45
. London 46
. London Ư¡ 49
1) Ư¡ 49
) /i/ Ҹ /u/ Ҹ ߸ȭ(diphthongal realisation) 49
) /?/ Ҹ ߸ȭ (diphthongal realization) 52
) // Ҹ Bad-Lad и(bad?lad split) 55
) /??/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ ȭ 58
2) London Ư¡ 62
) non rhotic 62
3) London Ư¡ 65
) Ī (to) the 65
) Ư¡ 66
. ֻ Sloane-speak Rah 68
1) Sloane Speak 68
2) Diana Ȳں 70
3) Sloane Speak 73
4) Sloane Speak Ư¡ 76
) 76
) ̸ ȣĪ(address) ٿ ϴ 77
) (Hyperbole) 78
) /t/ Ҹ ȭ Ǵ ȭ 79
) L ȭ(L vocalization) 80
5) Sloane Speak ֻ Ư¡ 81
6) Sloane Speak ִ 83
1







߾ӵ ǿ(CIP) ý Ȩ(http://seoji.nl.go.kr) ڷոϽý(http://www.nl.go.kr/kolisnet) ̿Ͻ ֽϴ. (CIPȣ : CIP2019006120)
< >
ø 12
ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ) GREATER LONDON II (ESTUARY DIALECT)

å б 5
Ӹ 1
ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 15
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 17
24 ܾ鿡 ⺻ ǥ(Wells ) 18
å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
. London ߻ Estuary 2
1) Estuary 2
2) Estuary Cockney , 뿵(RP) 5
3) Estuary English 7
4) ױ۷ 뿵 Cockney ƴ϶ Estuary Ϸ ϴ 10
5) (South East England) ǥؿ(Standard English)μ 12
6) Estuary Ư¡ 14
) Fleece ܾ /i/ Ҹ ȭ 14
) Goose ܾ /u/ Ҹ ȭ 17
) Foot ܾ /?/ Ҹ ȭ 23
) Thought ܾ /?/ Ҹ ȭ 26
) Strut ܾ /?/ Ҹ ȭ 31
) Trap ܾ // Ҹ ȭ 34
) Goat ܾ /??/ Ҹ ȭ 36
) Face ܾ /e?/ Ҹ ȭ 41
) Price ܾ /a?/ Ҹ ȭ 43
) Mouth ܾ /a?/ Ҹ ȭ 45
ī) -l- տ պ(vowel merger) 48
(1) /l/ Ҹ տ и ߸ȭ 48
(2) 翡 L ȭ(L vocalization) պ(vowel merger) 59
(3) Estuary /l/ Ҹ տ պ(Vowel Merger) 68
() Reel ܾ /il/ Ҹ ȭ 69
() Oil ܾ /??l/ Ҹ ȭ 71
() Owl ܾ /a?l/ Ҹ ȭ 73
(4) Feel ܾ /il/ Ҹ ȭ 75
(5) Pool ܾ /ul/ Ҹ ȭ 77
(6) Veil ܾ /e?l/ Ҹ ȭ 80
(7) Well ܾ /?l/ Ҹ ȭ 82
(8) Child ܾ /a?l/ Ҹ ȭ 84
(9) Doll ܾ /?l/ Ҹ ȭ 86
7) Estuary Ư¡ 88
) Non-rhoticity 88
) R 91
) T ȭ (T glottalisation) 95
) Yod (Yod-coalescence) 98
) -l- ڿ ʴ(non-prevocalic) , /l/ Ҹ 뿵 ޸ ϴ 102
) -TH- ڿ Ͽ ϱ (Th fronting) 110
) H Ż (H-dropping) 113
8) Estuary ִ 115
1






߾ӵ ǿ(CIP) ý Ȩ(http://seoji.nl.go.kr) ڷոϽý(http://www.nl.go.kr/kolisnet) ̿Ͻ ֽϴ. (CIPȣ : CIP2019006116)
< >
ø 13
ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ) GREATER LONDON III (COCKNEY )

å б 5
Ӹ 1
ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 15
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 17
24 ܾ鿡 ⺻ ǥ(Wells ) 18
å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
. London 뵿ڰ Cockney 2
1) Cockney 2
2) Cockney ǹ̿ 4
) Cockney ް(Cock's Egg)̶ 濡 4
) ̶ Cockney 5
) Cockney  East End õǰ 7
) Bow Bells Ҹ 鸮 μ London East End 9
3) Cockney 14
) East End 14
) East End 16
) East End City of London 輱(Aldgate Pump) 18
) East End 20
) East End ̶ ǹ 24
) East End  Cockney Ȯ 26
) Cockney ֵ ̵ 28
4) Cockney ֺ 29
) Cockney ̵ East End ο üǴ ߻ 29
) Cockney Estuary 31
) Cockney ٹȭ London(Multicultural London English) 33
) Mockney Cockney 34
5) Cockney Ȳ 35
6) Cockney ε ν 38
7) Cockney ⺻ Ư¡ 40
8) Cockney ܸ(monophthong) Ư¡ 43
) (broad) /?/ Ҹȭ 43
) /?/ Ҹ (back vowel) ϴ 45
) /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 47
) ܾ /?/ Ҹȭ 49
) ܸ /i/ Ҹ /?i/ Ҹ /?i/ Ҹ ߸ȭ(Diphthong shift) 52
) Foot ܾ /?/ Ҹ ߾ȭ(central)Ͽ /??/ Ҹ ϴ 54
) Goose ܾ /u/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ Ǵ ܸ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 56
) // Ҹ /?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ ϴ 58
) Dress ܾ ܸ /?/ Ҹ ߸ȭ Ͽ /e?/ Ҹ, /e?/ Ҹ, /??/ Ҹ ϴ 60
) Nurse ܾ /?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 63
ī) Strut ܾ /?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ /a/ Ҹ ϴ 65
Ÿ) Thought ܾ ܾ ġ ʴ /?/ Ҹ /o/ Ҹ Ǵ /o?/ Ҹ /?o/ Ҹ ϴ 67
) /?/ Ҹ ܾ ġ , /?/ Ҹ Ǵ /??/ Ҹ /?u?/ Ҹ ϴ 70
8) Cockney ߸(diphthong) Ư¡ 74
) ߸ /a?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ Ǵ /??/ Ҹ ϴ 74
) ߸ /a?/ Ҹ ܸȭϿ // Ҹ, ߸ Ͽ /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 78
) /??/ Ҹ /e?/ Ҹ ùӸ ϴ 81
) /??/ Ҹ, /e?/ Ҹ, /??/ Ҹ, /??/ Ҹ, /a?/ Ҹ ܸȭ 83
) /i?/ Ҹ, /e?/ Ҹ, /??/ Ҹ, /?/ Ҹ ߸ȭ(Triphthongal realizations) 87
) /??/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ ϴ 90
) /e?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ /a?/ Ҹȭ 91
) /??/ Ҹ /???/ Ҹ /o?/ Ҹ ϴ 93
) ߸ /??/ Ҹ ܸ(monophthong)ȭ ϴ 95
) /??/ Ҹ ߸ȭϿ /??/ Ҹ /?o/ Ҹ, Ǵ /a?/ Ҹ ϴ 99
10) Cockney (consonant) Ư¡ 102
) non rhotic 102
) /?/ Ҹ /w/ Ҹ ü 104
) H Ż(H dropping) 106
) -th ڿ ϱ(Th fronting) 108
) /t/ Ҹ ȭ(T glottalization) 110
) /k/, /p/ Ҹ ȭ 112
) ո Ŀ(alveolar plosive) /t/, /d/ Ҹ (elision) 114
) L ȭ (L vocalization) 116
(1) -l- ڰ տ Ҹ L Ҹ(clear L) ȭ Ǵ ߼ȭ 116
(2) -l- ڰ Ź L Ҹ(dark L) Ǵ 쿡 ȭ ߻ 118
(3) -l- ڰ Ź L Ҹ(dark L) Ǵ , տ ߼ȭ(neutralization) Ǵ (asorption) 123
(4) ȭ L Ҹ տ /?/ Ҹ Ǵ (/?l/) 124
(5) ȭ L Ҹ տ /?/ Ҹ Ǵ (/?l/) 127
(6) -l- տ /?/ Ҹ /i/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ /u/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ ߼ȭ (/?l/, /il/, /??l/, /?l/, /ul/, /??l/ ) 129
(7) /l/ Ҹ տ /?/ Ҹ /u/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ ߼ȭ(neutralisation) (/?l/, /ul/, /??l/) 132
(9) -l- տ // Ҹ /e?/ Ҹ /a?/ Ҹ ߼ȭ (/l/, /e?l/, /a?l/) 134
(10) -l- տ /?/ Ҹ /a?/ Ҹ ߼ȭ (neutralisation) (/?l/, /a?l/) 137
(11) -l- տ /?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ߼ȭ (/?l/, /??l/, /?l/) 139
(12) ڿ ʴ -l- տ /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ߼ȭ (/?l/, /?l/) 142
5) Cockney Ư 144
) 1Ī my ſ me ϴ 144
) be ain't ϴ 146
) ߺ ϴ 147
6) Cockney ϴ ε 148
7) Cockney 149
8) Cockney ִ 159
1






߾ӵ ǿ(CIP) ý Ȩ(http://seoji.nl.go.kr) ڷոϽý(http://www.nl.go.kr/kolisnet) ̿Ͻ ֽϴ. (CIPȣ : CIP2019006120)
< >
ø 14
ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ) GREATER LONDON IV (ٹȭ LONDON, JAMAICAN, OXFORD )

å б 5
Ӹ 1
ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 15
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16
뿵(RP) ȣǥ 17
24 ܾ鿡 ⺻ ǥ(Wells ) 18
å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
. ٹȭ London(Multicultural London) 2
1) ٹȭ London 2
2) ٹȭ London ܳ ñ 7
3) Cockney üϴ μ ٹȭ London 10
4) ߹ȭ ٹȭ London 14
5) ٹȭ London 16
6) ٹȭ London (vowel) Ư¡ 18
) Foot ܾ ̴ (fronting) 19
) /o?/ Ҹ 쿡 ̴ (fronting) 20
) /a?/ Ҹ ߴ(lowering) 22
) /??/ Ҹ ùӸ(onset) ߾ ϴ 24
) Face ܾ /a?/Ҹ ÷(raise) ϴ 25
) /a?/ Ҹ /a/ Ҹ ܸȭϿ ϴ 27
) /u/ Ҹ ̴ (Advanced fronting) 29
) // Ҹ ڷ ϴ (Backing) 31
) /?/ Ҹ ڷ ϴ (Backing) 33
) Goat ø(raising) ڷϱ(backing) 35
) Goose ϱ (fronting) 37
ī) Price Mouth ܾ ߾ȭ(low centralization) 39
7) ٹȭ London (consonant) Ư¡ 41
) H Ż ݴ ߻ 41
) /k/ Ҹ /q/ Ҹȭ 43
) Th ڿ ϴ (Th-fronting) 46
) Th ȭ(Th-stopping) Ǵ Ŀȭ(Th plosive) 48
) ̻ /s/ Ҹ /z/ Ҹ ̵(fronting) 51
) non rhotic 52
8) ٹȭ London Ư¡ 53
) Ư 53
) to be was were 55
) ǹ why for? Ư¡ 61
) ġ籸 off of 62
) Īμ man ϴ Ư¡ 63
) isn't ſ innit ̶ ܾ Ư 65
) innit ̶ ܾ ȭǥ 67
9) ٹȭ London ֻ Ư¡ 68
10) ٹȭ London ִ 77
. Jamaican London 79
1) Jamaican 79
2) Jamaican Ư¡ 80
) -th- ڿ /t/ Ҹȭ ϴ (Th backing) 80
) T ȭ (T glottalization) 82
) /t/ Ҹ // Ҹ 85
. Oxfordshire 86
1) Oxfordshire 86
2) Oxfordshire 87
3) Oxfordshire Ư¡ 90
4) Oxfordshire Ư¡ 91
) 1Ī ܼ ־ I Ͽ Us ϴ 91
) ָ Ͽ ǥϴ 92
5) Oxfordshire ֻ Ư¡ 94
6) Oxfordshire ִ 97
1


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PDF eBook ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ) London ֺ Essex 100 English Dialects in the World for Koreans (British English) Southern England London Home Counties Dialects (Essex




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