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PDFeBook ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ) III Cockney 100 English Dialects in the World for Koreans (British English) Southern England GREATER LONDON ENGLISH DIALECT COCKNEY DIALECT [ PDF ], ̼ȣ | ݰ | 2019 02 19ù° Ÿ並 ּ. ߰ | ޱ- ֹݾ״뺰
ǰⰣ | 2019 02 19 |
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| ũ / PC / / е / ȵ̵ / ȵ̵е / åܸ |
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/뷮 | PDF(DRM) | 6.92MB /뷮 ȳ |
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Ұ å < > ø 13 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ) GREATER LONDON IV (COCKNEY )
å б 5 Ӹ 1 ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 15 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 17 24 ܾ鿡 ⺻ ǥ(Wells ) 18 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1 . London 뵿ڰ Cockney 2 1) Cockney 2 2) Cockney ǹ̿ 4 ) Cockney ް(Cock's Egg)̶ 濡 4 ) ̶ Cockney 5 ) Cockney East End õǰ 7 ) Bow Bells Ҹ 鸮 μ London East End 9 3) Cockney 14 ) East End 14 ) East End 16 ) East End City of London 輱(Aldgate Pump) 18 ) East End 20 ) East End ̶ ǹ 24 ) East End Cockney Ȯ 26 ) Cockney ֵ ̵ 28 4) Cockney ֺ 29 ) Cockney ̵ East End ο üǴ 29 ) Cockney Estuary 31 ) Cockney ٹȭ London(Multicultural London English) 33 ) Mockney Cockney 34 5) Cockney Ȳ 35 6) Cockney ε ν 38 7) Cockney ⺻ Ư¡ 40 8) Cockney ܸ(monophthong) Ư¡ 43 ) (broad) /?/ Ҹȭ 43 ) /?/ Ҹ (back vowel) ϴ 45 ) /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 47 ) ܾ /?/ Ҹȭ 49 ) ܸ /i/ Ҹ /?i/ Ҹ /?i/ Ҹ ߸ȭ(Diphthong shift) 52 ) Foot ܾ /?/ Ҹ ߾ȭ(central)Ͽ /??/ Ҹ ϴ 54 ) Goose ܾ /u/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ Ǵ ܸ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 56 ) // Ҹ /?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ ϴ 58 ) Dress ܾ ܸ /?/ Ҹ ߸ȭ Ͽ /e?/ Ҹ, /e?/ Ҹ, /??/ Ҹ ϴ 60 ) Nurse ܾ /?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 63 ī) Strut ܾ /?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ /a/ Ҹ ϴ 65 Ÿ) Thought ܾ ܾ ġ ʴ /?/ Ҹ /o/ Ҹ Ǵ /o?/ Ҹ /?o/ Ҹ ϴ 67 ) /?/ Ҹ ܾ ġ , /?/ Ҹ Ǵ /??/ Ҹ /?u?/ Ҹ ϴ 70 8) Cockney ߸(diphthong) Ư¡ 74 ) ߸ /a?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ Ǵ /??/ Ҹ ϴ 74 ) ߸ /a?/ Ҹ ܸȭϿ // Ҹ, ߸ Ͽ /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 78 ) /??/ Ҹ /e?/ Ҹ ùӸ ϴ 81 ) /??/ Ҹ, /e?/ Ҹ, /??/ Ҹ, /??/ Ҹ, /a?/ Ҹ ܸȭ 83 ) /i?/ Ҹ, /e?/ Ҹ, /??/ Ҹ, /?/ Ҹ ߸ȭ(Triphthongal realizations) 87 ) /??/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ ϴ 90 ) /e?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ /a?/ Ҹȭ 91 ) /??/ Ҹ /???/ Ҹ /o?/ Ҹ ϴ 93 ) ߸ /??/ Ҹ ܸ(monophthong)ȭ ϴ 95 ) /??/ Ҹ ߸ȭϿ /??/ Ҹ /?o/ Ҹ, Ǵ /a?/ Ҹ ϴ 99 10) Cockney (consonant) Ư¡ 102 ) non rhotic 102 ) /?/ Ҹ /w/ Ҹ ü 104 ) H Ż(H dropping) 106 ) -th ڿ ϱ(Th fronting) 108 ) /t/ Ҹ ȭ(T glottalization) 110 ) /k/, /p/ Ҹ ȭ 112 ) ո Ŀ(alveolar plosive) /t/, /d/ Ҹ (elision) 114 ) L ȭ (L vocalization) 116 (1) -l- ڰ տ Ҹ L Ҹ(clear L) ȭ Ǵ ȭ 116 (2) -l- ڰ Ź L Ҹ(dark L) Ǵ 쿡 ȭ 118 (3) -l- ڰ Ź L Ҹ(dark L) Ǵ , տ ȭ(neutralization) Ǵ (asorption) 123 (4) ȭ L Ҹ տ /?/ Ҹ Ǵ (/?l/) 124 (5) ȭ L Ҹ տ /?/ Ҹ Ǵ (/?l/) 127 (6) -l- տ /?/ Ҹ /i/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ /u/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ ȭ (/?l/, /il/, /??l/, /?l/, /ul/, /??l/ ) 129 (7) /l/ Ҹ տ /?/ Ҹ /u/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ ȭ(neutralisation) (/?l/, /ul/, /??l/) 132 (9) -l- տ // Ҹ /e?/ Ҹ /a?/ Ҹ ȭ (/l/, /e?l/, /a?l/) 134 (10) -l- տ /?/ Ҹ /a?/ Ҹ ȭ (neutralisation) (/?l/, /a?l/) 137 (11) -l- տ /?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ȭ (/?l/, /??l/, /?l/) 139 (12) ڿ ʴ -l- տ /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ȭ (/?l/, /?l/) 142 5) Cockney Ư 144 ) 1Ī my ſ me ϴ 144 ) be ain't ϴ 146 ) ߺ ϴ 147 6) Cockney ϴ ε 148 7) Cockney 149 8) Cockney ִ 159 1
ȸ Ⱓ 1
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)
ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans. ױ۷ / : , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2018 å å . -- ( ø ; 1)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-27-3 05740 : 5000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019000109 < > ø 1 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ) Ӹ 1 1 (category of English) 1 1 4 2 (Native English) ֿ 7 1 躸 8 2 ǥ(Standard), (Dialect or Accent) 14 3 ǥ (Standard English) 19 4 21 1 (Europe) 23 1 ױ۷ (England) 26
ȸ Ⱓ 2
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)
ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans. 뿵 / : , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2018 å å . -- ( ø ; 2)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-28-0 05740 : 10000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019000110 < > ø 2 ѱ 100 ( 뿵 ) Ӹ 1 1 1. (Receive Pronunciation. RP) 1 . 뿵(RP) ΰ 1 . ܱε ַ ϴ ٷ 뿵Դϴ. 2 . 뿵 ⺻ Ǵ Դϴ. 3 . 뿵 ۿ ⺻ Ǵ Դϴ. 3 . 뿵 ױ۷ Դϴ. 4 . 뿵 Ư¡ 5 1) Ư¡ 5 2) ȣ(IPA) 7 3) 뿵 ȣ ̸ ǥ 9 4) Ծ غ 10 5) غ 11 6) غ ȣ Ī 12 7) ȣ ǥ д 13 8) غ 14 9) 뿵 Ư¡ 16 ) 뿵 Ҹ(nasal) (liquids) Ư¡ 16 ) ȣ(IPA) Ҹ ǥ /?/ Ҹ 뿵 21 ) Ŀ(voiceless plosive) 뿵 Ư¡ 21 ) /s/ Ҹ Ҹȭ ϴ ǥԴϴ. 22 ) Ŀ ڿ (approximant) ڵ 22 ) Ŀ(voiceless plosive) /k/, /p/, /t/, /t?/ Ҹ 24 ) Ŀ(voiced plosives) /b/, /d/, /?/, /d?/ Ҹ ȭ 26 ) Ҹ (voice) ϰ ϴ (fortis) 27 ) (voiced) // Ҹ 29 10) 뿵 (vowels) Ư¡ 30 ) ܸ(monophthong) 30 ) (long) ܸ(monophthongs) 32 ) 뿵 (long vowel) ߸ȭ 33 ) 뿵 ª Դϴ. 34 ) ߶(clipping) ȭ 35 ) ߶(clipping) ƶ ̰ ȭ 36 ) Ŀ /t/ Ҹ /d/ Ҹ ̿ ܾ 37 ) ȭ ȭ 39 ) (unstressed vowels) (quality) մϴ. 40 ) 뿵 ߸(diphthongs) ߸(triphthongs) Ư¡ 41 ī) 뿵 BATH (vowel) Ư¡ 48 ) ܾ(French words) Ͽ 51 ī) 뿵 ǥ ü ǥ (Alternative notation) 52 . 뿵 ȭ(Historical variation) 53 1) CLOTH, gone, off, often ܾ ȭ 55 2) Horse-Hoarse и(horse-hoarse split) 56 3) Dress Face 56 4) ܾ -y- 57 5) Cup ȭ 57 6) Goat ȭ 58 . 뿵 ٸ 60 . 뿵(Conservative RP) 66 1) ߸ Ư 67 ) Happy ܾ ȭ(Happy tensing) 68 ) /e/ Ҹ 68 ) // Ҹ 69 ) NURSE /?/ Ҹ 70 ) /?/ Ҹ 70 ) schaw /?/ Ҹ 71 ) /??/ Ҹ Ź /l/ Ҹ(dark l) /?/ Ҹ տ 72 ) ߸ 72 ) /??/ Ҹ 74 ) /e?/ Ҹ 75 2) (Consonants) Ư 75 ī. ϱ ߺ(Spoken specimen) 76 1) ڹ ǥ(Orthographic transcription) 77 2) ǥ(Phonemic transription) 78 3) ǥ(Allophonic transcription) 78 ī. 뿵 ڵ 79 1 ȸ Ⱓ 3
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)
ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans. ױ۷ Ϻ / : , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2019 å å . -- ( ø ; 3)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-29-7 05740 : 10000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019000358 < > ø 3 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ )
å б 4 Ӹ 1 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
Ϻ (Northern England English) 1
. ױ۷ Ϻ(Northern England) 2 1) ױ۷ 2 2) ױ۷ (region) , ȭ, 4
. Ϻ(Northern) Ī 5 1) Ī 5 2) Ϻ 輱 6 3) Ϻ 8
. Ϻ 10 1) 10 2) ̸ Britain Celtic Briton Ī 12
. Ϻ(Northern England English) 14 1) 14 2) Ϻλ 輱 پ 16 3) Ϻλ ϴ ױ۷ County 23 4) Ϻ ȭ 帧 25
. Ϻ ױ۷ 26 1) Ϻ 26 I) (North West) 28 II) (North East) 30 III) Yorkshire & Humberside 32 2) ȭ ο پ (subdialect) 33
. Ϻ(Northern England English) ģ ǵ 35 1) 35 2) Celtic 36 3) ŷ 븣(Norse) 37 4) Northumbia ձ 39 5) Ϸ ֿ Ϸ(Irish) 42 6) Ʋ 45
. Ϻλ ȭ 46
. 47
. Ϻλ (speech) Ư¡ 48
1) Ϻλ 49 i) // Ҹ 50 ii) /?/ Ҹ 51 iii) /?r/ Ҹ 52 iv) /a?/ Ҹ 53 v) /a?/ Ҹ 54 vi) /e?/ Ҹ 55 vii) /?r/ Ҹ 56 viii) /?r/ Ҹ 57 ix) /i/ Ҹ 58 x) /i/ Ҹ 59 xi) /?/ Ҹ 60 xii) /o?/ Ҹ 61 xiii) /?/ Ҹ 62 xiv) /u/ Ҹ 63
2) Ϻλ 64 i) ܾ ߰ (intervocalic &) (postvocalic) /k/ Ҹ 65 ii) ܾ ùӸ (initial) /h/ Ҹ 66 iii) /l/ Ҹ 68 iv) ִ (stressed-syllable) // Ҹ 70 v) ڿ (post-consonantal &) ߰(intervocalic) /r/ Ҹ 71 vi) ̳߰, ܾ , տ(intervocalic, final & pre-consonantal) /t/ Ҹ 72
3) Ϻ Trap-Bath и(trap-bath slit) 73 ) Trap-Bath и(trap-bath split) 74 ) и ϰ 76 ) ٸ и 79 ) ̱ ױ۷ и 80 ) Ϻο ̷ и Ƿ Ҹ 81 ) Ϻ Trap Bath ܾ /a/ Ҹ Ͽ 83 (1) Bath ܾ /a/ Ҹ 83 (2) Trap ܾ /a/ Ҹ 85 (3) Palm ܾ /a/ Ҹ 86
4) Ϻο /r/ Ҹ Ͽ 87 ) ⺻ /r/ Ҹ 87 ) Ϻ /r/ Ҹ 89
5) /r/ Ҹ ʴ non rhotic 90 ) rhotic non rhotic 90 ) non rhotic ϴ 91 ) rhotic non rhotic ϴ 92
6) Ϻ Foot-Strut и(foot-strut slit) 96 ) Foot-Strut и(foot-strut split) 97 ) Foot-Strut и ױ۷ 98 ) Foot-Strut պ(Merger) 100 ) Oop North" . 102 ) 뿵 /?/ Ҹ Ǵ ܾ ȭ (lengthening) 103
7) Face -a- Goat -oa- 104
8) Dress -e- 106
9) Happy ܾ -y- Ͽ 107
10) L Ҹ Ͽ 108
11) -ng- ڿ /g/ Ҹ Ͽ 111
12) the Ͽ 113
13) -t-ڸ /r/ Ҹ ϴ Ͽ 114
. Ϻ (intonation) Ͽ 115
ī. Ϻ Ư 116 1) Ϻο ־Ģ(subject rule) 117 2) to be ݺȭ Ͽ 118 3) Mustn't ǹ̷ Ͽ 120 4) might Ͽ 121 5) Ī Ͽ 122 ) 1Ī Ͽ 122 ) 1Ī Ͽ 124 ) 2Ī Ī Ͽ 126 ) ʹ Ͽ 128
Ÿ. Ϻο Ư¡ Ͽ 130 1) Ǵ ܾ 130 2) Celtic κ ܾ 132 3) ȣĪ Ư ܾ 133 4) owt, nowt 134 5) Ÿ Ư Ϻο ܾ 135 6) Down ſ Doon ̶ ܾ ϴ 136 7) -ong ڷ ܾ -ang üϿ 138
. Ϻλ ؿܷκ ̹ڵ 139
. Ϻ 鿡 ߰ å 140
1
ȸ Ⱓ 4
< > ø 4 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ Cheshire Cumbria )
å б 4 Ӹ 1 ȣǥ 14 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 17 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
. Cheshire 1 1) Cheshire 2 2) Cheshire 6 3) Cheshire Ư¡ 9 4) Cheshire ֻ Ư¡ 10 4) Cheshire ִ 20
. Cumbrian 23 1) Cumbria 23 2) Cumbria 25 ) Celtic Cumbric 25 ) Celtic ణ 25 ) Celtic Cumbric 29 3) Cumbria (Cumbria English) Ư¡ 31 4) Celtic Celtic Cumbrian Cumbria (English Dialect) ģ 32 ) Cumbrian 32 ) Ī(place name) ִ Cumbrian 34 ) ڸ Yan 35 ) ̻ -s Ī ҹϰ ϴ Ϻο ־ Ģ 38 5) Cumbrian Ҹ 39 6) 븣(Old Norse) Cumbria 40 ) 븣 41 ) Cumbria κ Ī 븣(Old Norse) 42 ) Ÿ ܾ 븣 ͵ 43 ) 븣 ġ ִٰ 44 7) Ÿ ٸ 45 8) Cumbria Ư¡ 46 ) Ư¡ 47 ) 뿵 49 ) /l/ Ҹ и(split) 52 ) moor ܾ Ư¡ 54 ) Cure ܾ 3 ϴ 55 9) Cumbria Ư¡ 56 ) /g/ Ҹ /k/ Ҹ (dropping) 57 ) /h/ Ҹ (dropping) 58 ) /l/ Ҹ (elision) 60 ) /r/ Ҹ Ư¡ 62 ) /t/ Ҹ Ư¡ 64 ) /y/ Ҹ Ư¡ 67 ) -cl- ڿ Ư¡ 70 10) Cumbria ܾ (stress) Ư¡ 72 11) Barrow in Furness Ư Ư 73 12) Cumbria ֻ Ư¡ 76 13) Cumbria ִ 1 1
ȸ Ⱓ 5
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)
ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans. ױ۷ Ϻ Barrovian , Lancastrian / : , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2019 å å . -- ( ø ; 5)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-31-0 05740 : 10000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019001312 < > ø 5 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ Barrovian , Lancastrian )
Ӹ 1 ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
. Barrovian 1
1) Barrovian 1 2) Barrow Ư 4
3) Barrovian ü Ư¡ 8 ) Ī 8 ) /s/ Ҹ /z/ Ҹȭ 9 ) /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 10 ) T ȭ Ǵ T ȭ (T glottalization) 10 ) G Ż(G dropping) 17 ) H-dropping(H Ż) 18 ) Th-fronting(Th Ҹ ռ) 19 ) ܾ -ure ڿ 20 ) /?u:r/ Ҹ ܾ ü 22
4) Barrovian ֻ Ư¡ 24 ) ǥ very ſ dead Ǵ well 24 ) like ܾ 25 ) Ÿ ̶ ǥ "and that" 25 ) Barrovian Ư¡ ǥ 26
5) ϴ ε 29 6) ִ 31
. Lancastrian 36
1) Lancastrian 36 2) Lancashire 37 3) Lancashire Ȳ 41
4) Lancashire ȭ 44 ) Lancashire ȭ 44 ) ĭƾ 47
5) Lancastrian Ư 49 ) 뿵 49 ) Lancastrian ǥ(vowel drift) 51 ) Nurse-Square պ(Nurse-square merger) 55 ) ܾ ߰ -oo- 58 ) ܾ -oo ڷ ̿ /u/ Ҹ Ͽ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 59 ) ܾ -ake ڷ Ư 62 ) ܾ -ight ڷ 63 ) ܾ -ought ڷ 66 ) hole /??/ Ҹ 68 ) Speak ܾ Ư /e?/ Ҹ 70 ī) Ϲ -a- ڿ /a/ Ҹ ƴ /o/ Ҹ ٲپ ϴ 72 Ÿ) Bury ܾ /u/ Ҹ ϴ 74
6) Lancastrian (consonant) Ư 76 ) rhoticity 76 ) -ng NG (NG coalescence) 81 ) /t/ Ҹ /r/ Ҹȭ 84 ) ܾ ߰ -l- ڿ /l/ Ҹ Ż 85 ) ܾ -ool ڷ /l/ Ҹ Ż 86 ) ܾ -s /z/ Ҹ ϴ 87 ) to be (negative) տ Ư¡ 88 ) (consonant) ߺ 89
7) lancastrian 90
8) Lancastrian Ư 91 ) (definite article) (elision) Ǵ (reduction) 91 ) Lancastrian 2Ī Ư 93 ) 3Ī ܼ Ư¡ 100 ) ʹ -self Ư 103 ) to be Ư 104
9) Lancastrian Ư¡ 105 10) ִ 118
1
ȸ Ⱓ 6
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)
ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans. ױ۷ Ϻ Geordie , Hartlepool / : . -- // : Tax & law press, 2019 å å . -- ( ø ; 6)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-32-7 05740 : 10000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019001313 < > ø 6 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ Geordie , Hartlepool )
å б 4 Ӹ 1 ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1 . Geordie 1 1) 2 2) Geordie 4 3) Geordie 7 4) Geordie õ 10 5) Geordie ܸ(monophthong) Ư¡ 14 ) Geordie ܸ(monophthong) 14 ) Geordie (length) پ ȭ 17 ) Geordie Ư¡ 19 ) Trap-Bath պ(trap-bath merger) 25 I) Trap-Bath պ 25 II) ª /a/ Ҹ(short a) ȭ 27 III) Geordie Ư ª /a/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ 28 ) Geordie Foot-Strut и(foot-strut split) 31 ) Geordie schwa /?/ Ҹ ȭ 34 ) schwa /?/ Ҹ ſ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 36 ) ϼ -es -ed schwa ̿ϴ Ư¡ 38 ) -o- ڿ /i/ Ҹȭ 40 ) Geordie /i/ Ҹ /u/ Ҹ 41 ī) Happy -y- ڿ 45 Ÿ) Geordie /e/ Ҹ /o/ Ҹ 46 ) Geordie /o/ Ҹ Ͽ 49 ) /o/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ պ 51 ) Geordie // Ҹ 52 6) Geordie ߸(diphthong) Ư¡ 56 ) Geordie ߸ 5 57 ) ߸ /u/ Ҹ 58 ) ߸ /i?/ Ҹ /u?/ Ҹ 61 ) ߸ /ai/ Ҹ 62 7) Geordie (consonant) Ư¡ 65 ) R Ҹ ʴ non rhotic 66 ) Yod (Yod coalescence) 70 ) ȭ Ǵ ȭ(Glottalization) 72 ) T ȭ(T glottalization) Ǵ Geordie Ư ȭ Ǵ ȭ(preglottalization) 74 ) /p/, /k/ Ҹ ȭ(glottal reinforcement) 76 ) Ҹȭ(pre-aspiration) 77 ) -ing ڿ /n/ Ҹ 79 ) /l/ Ҹ ȭ(vocalization) 80 8) Geordie (vocabulary) Ư¡ 82 . Hartlepudlian 103 1) Hartlepool 104 2) Hartlepool 106 3) Hartlepool̶ ̸ 109 4) Hartlepool Ư ֵ 110 1
ȸ Ⱓ 7
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)
ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans. ױ۷ Ϻ Mackem , Northumbrian Pitmatic , Smoggie / : , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2019 å å . -- ( ø ; 7)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-33-4 05740 : 10000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019002308 < > ø 7 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ Mackem , Northumbrian , Pitmatic , Smoggie )
< > ø 7 2 å б 4 Ӹ 1 ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
. Mackem 1 1) Mackem 1 2) Sunderland 4 3) Mackem ̶ 8 4) Mackem Ư¡ 13 ) make take ܾ Ư̼ 13 ) ܾ -own ڰ 15 ) ܾ -ool ڷ 17 ) (back vowel) /u/ Ҹ ߰ (central vowel)ȭ 20 ) film ܾ schwa 22 ) face ڿ schwa /?/ Ҹ (insertion) (reduction) 23 i) schwa 23 ii) /??/ Ҹ (rediction) 24 iii) yod 25 ) Comma ܾ /?/ Ҹ 28 ) Trap // Ҹ 29 ) curry Ư¡ 34 ) Brown ܾ Ư¡ 36 ) River Wear Ϻ Mackem ο 39 5) Macke Ư¡ 40 ) H Ż 40 6) Mackem Ư¡ 46 7) Mackem ֻ Ư¡ 48 8) Mackem ִ 52
. Northumbrian 56 1) Northumbrian 56 2) Northumberland 61 3) Northumberland ģ 65 4) Northumbrian Ư¡ 71 ) /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 71 ) -i- ڿ /?/ Ҹ 73 ) /?/ Ҹ /a/ Ҹȭ 74 ) /a??/ Ҹ /u/ Ҹȭ 76 ) /e?/ Ҹ /e?/ Ҹȭ 78 ) /?/ Ҹ /u/ Ҹȭ 80 ) Foot-Strut պ(foot-strut merger) 81 ) goat /o/ Ҹȭ 84 5) Northumbrian Ư¡ 85 ) /t/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 85 ) -ing ڿ /n/ Ҹȭ 87 ) -r- ڿ Northumbrian burrȭ(Northumbrian burr) 89 6) Northumbrian Geordie 92 ) ȭ(lengthen) 92 ) ȭ Ǵ /r/ Ҹ ȭ 94 7) Northumbrian Ʋ 95 8) Northumbrian ֻ Ư¡ 96 9) Northumbrian ִ 104
. Pitmatic 107 1) Pitmatic 107 2) Pitmatic 109 3) Pitmatic 111 4) Pitmatic ̶ ̸ 112 5) Pitmatic Ư¡ 113 6) Pitmatic Ư¡ 115 ) R Ҹ 115 ) R Ҹ 117 7) Pitmatic ֻ Ư¡ 120
8) Pitmatic ִ 132 . Smoggie 136 1) Smoggie 136 2) Smoggie 138 3) Smoggie 140 4) Smoggie ֻ Ư¡ 141 5) Smoggie ִ 163 165
ȸ Ⱓ 8
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)
ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans. ױ۷ Ϻ Mancunian , Scouse Yorkshire / : , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2019 å å . -- ( ø ; 8)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-34-1 05740 : 25000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019002961 < > ø 8 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ Mancunian , Scouse , Yorkshire )
å б 4 Ӹ 1 ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16 24 ܾ鿡 ⺻ ǥ(Wells ) 17 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
ī. Mancunian 1
1) Mancunian 1 2) Manchester ̸ 3 3) Manchester 5 4) 10 5) Mancunian 13 6) Manchester Lancastrian , Cheshire , Yorkshire 缺 15
7) Manchester Ư¡ 19 ) Ҹ Ͽ ϴ 19 ) Foot-Strut պ(Foot-Strut merger) 20 ) Trap-Bath պ(trap-bath merger) 23 ) Goat, Face ܾ ߸ȭ 25 ) Happy ܾ -y ڿ ȭ 29
8) Mancunian Ư¡ 33 ) -ing NG (NG Coalescence) 33 ) /k/, /p/, /t/ Ҹ ȭ(glottal reinforcement) 37
9) Manchester ֻ Ư¡ 40 8) Mancunian ִ 51
Ÿ. Scouse 56
1) Scouse 56 2) Liverpool (Scouse) 61 3) Scouse 63 4) Scouse 65 5) Scouse Ư¡ 68
6) Scouse Ư¡ 73 ) Scouse ܸ ǥ 73 ) /e:/ Ҹ پ ȭ 75 ) Foot-Strut պ(foot-strut merger) 76 ) Trap-Bath պ(trap-bath merger) 79 ) /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ, /a/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ȵǴ 82 ) /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 84 ) /a/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ȥ 86 ) book, cook, look ܾ Ư̼ 87 ) (weak vowel) պ 91 ) ܾ ܸ /i/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ߸ȭ 93 ī) Scouse /?/ Ҹ 95 Ÿ) Happy ܾ 97 ) Square-Nurse պ(merger) /e:/ Ҹ پ ȭ 98 ) Square-Nurse и 101 ) /?/ Ҹ Ư̼ 102
7) Scouse ߸ Ư¡ 103 ) Scouse ߸ 103 ) /i?/ Ҹ 106 ) /u?/ Ҹ 107 ) /e?/ Ҹ 110 ) /??/ Ҹ 112 ) /a?/ Ҹ 117 ) /a?/ Ҹ 119
8) Scouse (consonant) Ư 120 ) NG и(NG split) 120 ) G Ż 123 ) /t/ Ҹ /h/ Ҹ ȭ(glottal) 125 ) /t/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 129 ) /t/ /?/ Ҹȭ 131 ) Ŀ (voiceless plosives) /p/, /t/, /k/ Ҹ ȭ(Fricatisation) 133 ) /k/ Ҹ ȭ 136 ) /p/ Ҹ ȭ 137 ) Ŀ(voiceless plosives) /p/, /t/, /k/ Ҹ Ҹȭ(aspiration) 138 ) Ŀ(voiced plosives) /b/, /d/, /?/ Ҹ ȭ( fricatised) 141 ī) ̻ (dental fricatives) //, // Ҹ ̻ ȭ(dental stop) 143 Ÿ) Scouse non rhotic 144 ) H 147
9) Scouse ֻ Ư¡ 148 10) Scouse ִ 160
. Yorkshire 165
1) Yorkshire 165 2) Yorkshire 167 3) Yorkshire ̾ ౸ 173
4) Yorkshire Ư¡ 176 ) Trap-Bath պ(merger) 176 ) Foot-Strut պ(merger) 180 ) Huddersfield love Ư 183 ) Face ܾ ܸȭ ϴ 185 ) ܾ -ake-ڸ Ϻ ܾ , /?/ Ҹ ϴ 187 ) Goat ܾ ܸȭ ϴ 189 ) open, over, woke, go Ϻ ܾ -o- 192 ) /l/ Ҹտ schwa 194 ) /r/ Ҹ տ /?/ Ҹ ȭ 196 ) ؾ Nurse ܾ Ư 197 ī) Near ܾ /??/ Ҹ /e?/ Ҹ 199 Ÿ) Prize /a?/ Ҹ ܸȭ 201 ) Mouth ܾ /a?/ ܸ /a/ Ҹȭ ϴ 203 ) ܾ -y ڿ Ư 206 ) schwa Ư 208 ) λ翡 ִ 209 ) Fleece ܾ ܸ ߸ȭϴ 211 ) /?/ Ҹ Ư¡ 213 ) -ook ڸ ܾ ȭ 214 ) -ere ڸ ܾ /i?/ Ҹ 216 ) key ܾ ߸ȭ 218 ) ܾ -oor Ư 220 ) -ought ܾ Ư¡ 222 ó) -ight-ڷ ܾ 224
5) Yorkshire Ư¡ 227 ) (voiced consonant) ȭ(assimilation) (voiceless consonant)ȭ 227 ) -b ڿ ȭ 229 ) -ng G Ż /n/ Ҹȭ 231 ) H Ż 235 ) ɴܾ(function word) ġ /d/, /t/, /f/, //, // Ҹ (ommission) 237 ) ܾ -th ڿ 240 ) was -s 242 ) ܾ /k/ Ҹ ȭ 243 ) Ŀ /k/, /p/, /t/ Ҹ ȭ 245 ) non rhotic 247 ī) -th- ڿ Ծ ̵ϴ (Th-fronting) 250 Ÿ) T ȭ(T-glottalisation) 252 ) -th-, -g-, -t- ڿ /d/, /t/ Ҹ 255
6) Yorkshire Ư¡ 259 ) ̱ (Definite article reduction) 260 ) 뿵(Old English) ܾ 262 ) than ſ nor ϴ 263 ) ġ, ߷, Ÿ, , Ÿ ܾ 264 ) 1Ī ܼ me, 1Ī our ſ us ϴ 265 ) 2Ī ܼ thou ϴ 266 ) 1Ī ܼ 翡 Ͽ was ſ were ϴ 267 ) ߺ(double negative) ϴ 268 ) that ſ what Ǵ as ϴ 269 ī) 3Ī those ſ them ϴ 271 Ÿ) (Negative contraction) 272
7) Yorkshire ֻ Ư¡ 273 8) Yorkshire ִ 296
299
ȸ Ⱓ 9
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP) ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans : ױ۷ ߺ . East midlands, West midlands, Black country, Birmingham, Potteries, Coventry / : , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2019 å å . -- ( ø ; 9)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-35-8 05740 : 25000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019003632 < > ø 9 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ߺ ) (East Midlands, West Midlands, Black Country, Birmingham, Potteries, Coventry )
å б 4 Ӹ 1 ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16 24 ܾ鿡 ⺻ ǥ(Wells ) 17 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
3. ߺ ױ۷ (Midlands English) 1
. ߺ(Midlands) ױ۷ 1
. ߺ(Midlands of England) 7
1) 7 2) ߺ 9 ) Anglo-Saxon Mercia ձ 9 ) 븣(Old Norse) ϳ ũ(Danish) 10 3) ߺ (Midlands) 2ȭ 13
. ߺ(East Midland) ױ۷ 17
1) ߺ ױ۷(East Midlands England) 17 2) ߺ(East Midlands) 18 3) Danelaw ũ(Danish) 22 4) (Middle English) 26 5) Ҽ D. H. Lawrence ټ ǰ 28 6) ߺ Ư¡ 29 ) -th- ڿ о ϴ(Th Fronting) 29 7) ߺ(East Midlands) Ư¡ 32 ) 2Ī ȣĪ(address) thou 33 ) Ī ̸ -s ſ -n 34 ) ʹ ̸ -self ſ -sen 36 8) ߺ(East Midlands) ֻ Ư¡ 38 9) ߺ(East Midlands) (Sub dialects) 45 ) Southern Northamptonshire 46 (1) 46 (2) Ư̼ 47 (3) Southern Northamptonshire ִ 52 ) Corb . 55 (1) Corby 55 (2) Corby 57 (3) Corby ִ 59 ) Derbyshire 63 (1) Derbyshire 63 (2) 63 (3) Derbyshire ִ 68 ) Lincolnshire East Lincolnshire 71 (1) Lincolnshire 71 (2) 73 (3) Lincolnshire ִ 75 ) Nottinghamshire 78 (1) Nottinghamshire 78 (2) Nottinghamshire ִ 81
. ߺ(West Midlands) 85
1) ߺ(West Midlands) 85 2) ߺ(West Midlands) 87 3) ߺ(West Midlands) Mercia ձ 90 4) 18 93 5) West Midlands Ư¡ 95
. Black Country 103
1) Black Country 103 2) Black Country α ֺ 105 3) Black Country Ư¡ 107 ) Trap-Bath պ(Trap-Bath merger) 107 ) // Ҹ /a/ Ҹ 110 ) Foot-Strut պ(foot-strut merger) 111 ) ܾ (reduction) 113 ) you Ư 114 4) Black Country Ư¡ 115 ) NG (NG coalescence) 115 ) R Ҹ ʴ non rhotic 117 ) L ȭ 119 ) ܾ ġ ȭ 121 ) ܾ -gh- ڿ 123 5) Black Country Ư¡ 125 ) 2Ī thou, thee, thy ¸ 125 ) yes ſ ar ϴ 127 ) 2Ī you ſ ye, ya, Ǵ Yow ϴ 128 ) Black Country Yam Yam ̶ θ 130 ) go Ͽ goo Ǵ gewin 132 ) ܾ ϴ 134 6) Black Country ֻ Ư¡ 135 7) Black Country ִ 162
. Birmingham Ǵ Brummie 166
1) Brummie 166 2) Brummie 169 3) α 177 ) Black Country 177 ) Solihull 179 ) Coventry 180 4) Shakespeare 181 5) Brummie 182 6) Birmingham ߽ɵ÷μ Brummie 184 7) Brummie Ư¡ 189 ) Brummie ⺻ 189 ) Trap-Bath պ(merger) 193 ) Foot-Strut պ(merger) 196 ) Face ܾ /e?/ Ҹ Ư 198 ) Goat ܾ /??/ Ҹ Ư 200 ) Price-Choice պ(merger) 202 ) Mouth ܾ /a?/ Ҹ Ư 204 ) Force ܾ Ư¡ 206 ) CURE ܾ 208 ) paw, pour, poor Ư¡ 210 ) ܸ /ju/ Ҹ ߸ /??/ Ҹ ϴ Ư 211 ī) Happy ܾ -y Ư 214 Ÿ) ܾ ġ schwa /?/ Ҹ Ư¡ 215 8) Brummie Ư 216 ) NG 216 ) ܾ -s ڿ /z/ Ҹ ϴ 217 ) տ -r- ڿ ε帲(tapping)ȭ 218 9) Brummie ֻ Ư 219 10) Brummie ִ 231
. Potteries 234
1) Potteries 234 2) Potteries 236 3) ϸ ڱ(Pottery) ߴ 238 4) Potteries 241 5) Potteries (Vowel) Ư¡ 243 ) /?/ Ҹ κ /?/ Ҹȭ 243 ) Trap-Bath պ(Trap-Bath merger) 246 ) /a/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 249 ) /e/ Ҹ ߸ /ei/ Ҹȭ 250 ) /ai/ Ҹ ܸ /i/ Ҹȭ 251 ) /i/ Ҹ /e/ Ҹ (merger) 253 ) /el/ Ҹ /al/ Ҹȭ 256 6) Potteries (consonant) Ư¡ 258 ) H Ż( H dropping) 258 ) -ng ڸ /n/ Ҹ ϴ 260 7) Potteries Ư 264 8) Potteries ֻ Ư¡ 265 9) Potteries ִ 272
. Coventry 276
1) Coventry 276 2) Coventry 278 3) Coventry 280 4) Coventry Ư¡ 282 ) Trap-Bath պ(merger) 282 ) -a- ڿ ȭ 284 5) Coventry Ư¡ 286 ) T ȭ ȭ(T glottalization) 286 ) -l- ڿ 288 6) Coventry ֻ Ư¡ 290 7) Coventry ִ 297
1
ȸ Ⱓ 10
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP) ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans : ױ۷ . East Anglian, Norfolk, Suffolk / : , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2019 å å . -- ( ø ; 10)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-36-5 05740 : 20000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019004102 < > ø 10 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ) East Anglian, Norfolk, Suffolk DIALECT
å б 4 Ӹ 1 ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16 24 ܾ鿡 ⺻ ǥ(Wells ) 17 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1 4. ױ۷(East of England English) 1 . ױ۷(East of England) 1 1) ױ۷(East of England English) 1 2) ױ۷ 6 3) ױ۷ 10 4) ױ۷ (East Anglian) Ư¡ 14 ) Bath , Palm , Start ܾ Ư 14 ) First Ư 16 ) stone Ư̼ 18 ) David naked Ư̼ 19 ) sure, pure, fury Ư̼ 20 5) Ư¡ 22 ) H Ż(H dropping) 22 ) Ŀ(voiceless plosive) /p/, /k/ Ҹ ȭ 25 ) Ŀ(voiceless plosive) /t/ Ҹ ȭ 27 ) (rhyme) Ư¡ 29 6) Ư¡ 30 ) 3Ī ܼ 翡 -s 30 ) ġ or ſ do ϴ 32 ) it ſ that ϴ 33 ) while ſ time ϴ 34 ) ̶ ǹ just ſ now ϴ 35 7) ֻ Ư¡ 36 . Norfolk 39 1) Norfolk 39 2) Norfolk 45 3) Norfolk 47 4) Norfolk (vowel) Ư 50 ) Norfolk ܸ 50 ) ѷ 52 ) Foot-Strut и(split) 53 ) Yod Ż 56 ) Foot ܾ 58 ) Goat ܾ 60 ) ܾ -f, -ff, -gh, -th ڸ ܾ 62 ) Goat ܾ 66 ) Goat ܾ 70 ) Near-Square պ(merger) 73 ī) ܼȭ 75 Ÿ) -ing տ ܼȭ(smoothing) 77 5) Norfolk (consonant) Ư 78 ) R Ҹ non rhotic 78 ) H Ż(dropping) 82 ) Yod Ż(Yod dropping) 84 ) Cure Yod Ż ܼȭ 87 ) ȭ ȭ 89 ) L Ҹ Ư¡ 92 ) -ing ڿ /?n/ Ҹ ϴ 96 ) -th ڿ -shr Ư̼ 98 ) -v ڿ /w/ Ҹ ϴ 100 ) (intonation) Ư¡ 102 6) Ư¡ 103 ) 3Ī ܼ -s 103 ) be 3Ī ܼ was ƴ϶ were 105 ) ־ it ſ that 106 ) one Ư -un ڷ (reduction) 109 ) do پ 110 ) ӻ though Ͽ do ܾ ϴ 114 ) yet ܾ ǹ 116 ) any ܾ Ư 117 ) on ̶ ܾ Ư 118 ) of ̶ ܾ Ư 119 ī) Ư ȭ 120 Ÿ) ״ ϴ Ư¡ 122 ) ұĢ Ϸ Ư¡ 124 ) be (negative) Ư ȭ 126 ) 縦 what üϿ ϴ 128 ) that those ſ them ϴ 130 ) 縦 λ ״ ϴ Ư¡ 132 ) more than ſ above ϴ Ư¡ 134 ) never پ ǥ 135 ) together پ ǥ 137 ) л -ing a- λ縦 ߰Ͽ ǥϴ 138 ) ð ӻ while ſ time ϴ Ư¡ 140 ) λ 141 ó) ߺ(double negative) 142 Ŀ) ߺ ܾ 143 7) ֻ Ư¡ 145 8) Norfolk ִ 191 . Suffolk 194 1) Suffolk 194 2) Suffolk 196 3) Suffolk 199 4) Suffolk Ư¡ 201 ) ȭ 201 ) /o/ Ҹ /oo/ Ҹȭ 203 ) /a?/ Ҹ /e-oo/ Ҹ ϴ 205 ) ܾ ߰ Ҹ ߰ (insertion) 207 ) /e?r/ Ҹ /??r/ Ҹ ϴ 208 ) ߸ Ư¡ 210 5) Ư¡ 211 ) Yod Ż(Yod dropping) 211 ) R Ҹ non rhotic 213 ) /t/ Ҹ ȭ(glottalization) 215 ) H Ż(H dropping)̳ H (H insertion) Ư¡ 217 ) -thr ڿ -tr ȭ 219 6) Ư¡ 222 7) Ư¡ 223 ) ſϷ -uh ̸ Ͽ ϴ Ư¡ 223 ) -ing ڷ ܾ -en üϴ 224 ) ұĢ źл -uh ̸ ̿Ͽ Ģ ȭ ϴ 225 ) it ſ that ϴ 226 ) ȭ Ư̼ 227 ) ܾ -en ϴ 228 ) owe Ư 229 ) snow, mow, sow ew ¸ 231 ) sit sot ϴ Ư¡ 232 ī) can ſ kin ϴ 233 Ÿ) nothing ſ nawn ϴ 234 ) to-day ¸ to-year ϴ 235 8) ֻ Ư¡ 236 9) Suffolk ִ 262 1
ȸ Ⱓ
* κ å Ⱓ뿡 ̾ å Ⱓ Դϴ. Ͽ å Ⱓ˴ϴ.
6. Country . Anglo-Cornish . Bristolian . Janner 2 Ʋ(Scotland) 1. Highland 2. Insular 3. Northern 4. Central 5. Southern 3 (Wales) 1. Welsh 2. Abercraf 3. Cardiff 4. Gower 5. Port Talbot 4 Man (Isle of Man) 1. Manx 5 Channel Islands 1. Channel Islands 6 ο(Gibraltar) 7 Ϸ(Ireland) 1. Ulster . Belfast . Derry . South Ulster . West Donegal 2. Leinster . Dublin 1) Dublin 4 2) Inner city 3) Suburban Dublin . Dundalk . Wexford town 3. Connacht . Galway city . Mayo . Sligo town 4. Munster . Cork city . Kerry . Tipperary . Limerick city 2 Ϲ(North America) 1 ̱(United States) 1. ̱(American English) . ȭ(Cultural) (Ethnic) ̱ (American English) 1) African American Vernacular 2) Boonling 3) Cajun Vernacular 4) Hawaiian Pidgin 5) Latino Vernacular ) Chicano ) Miami 6) Pennsylvania Dutch 7) Yeshiva 2. Ϲ ̱ (General American English) . General American 3. (Regional and Local American English) . ױ۷(Eastern New England) 1) Boston and Maine 2) Rhode Island . 뵵 (Southeast Super Region) 1) ߺ 뼭(Mid Atlantic) (Delaware Valley) ) Baltimore ) Philadelphia 2) ߺ(Midland) ) ߺ(North Midland) ) ߺ(South Midland) 3) Hoi Toider 4) New Orleans 5) (Southern) ) ȷġ(Southern Appalechian) ) ػ罺 (Texas Southern) . New York City . Ϻ(Northern) 1) Ϻγ(Inland Northern) 2) ױ۷(Western New England) . Ϻ߾(Northern Central) 1) ̽ðݵ Ϻ(Upper Penninsula of Michigan) . (Western) 1) ĶϾ(California) 2) New Mexican 3) ϼ(Northwestern) . ǹٴϾ (Wesern Pennsylvania) 2 ij(Canada) 1. ij 뼭(Atlantic Canadian) . Cape Breton . Lunenburg . Newfoundland 2. ij ǥ(Standard Canadian) . Quebec . Ottawa Valley . Pacific Northwest 3 Bermudian Bermuda Ǵ 4 Ϲ ֹ(Indigenous North America) 1. Mojave 2. Isletan 3. Tsimshian 4. Lumbee 5. Tohono O'odham 6. Inupiaq 3 ߳(Caribbean, Central and South America) 1 Caribbean 2 Anguillan 3 Antiguan 4 Bahamian 5 Bajan 6 Belizean 7 San Andres-Providencia 8 Falklands Islands 9 Guyanese 10 Bay Islands 11 Jamaican 13 Vincentian 14 Trinidadian 4 ƽþ(Asia) 1. Brunei 2. Burmese 3. Hong Kong 4. Pakistan 5. ε(Indian) . ǥ ε (Standard Indian English) 1) Indian . (Regional and Local Indian) 1) (East Region) ) Assamese ) Bengali ) Oriya 2) (West Region) ) Gujarati ) maharashtrian 3) Ϻ(North Region) ) Hindustani ) Delhi ) Punjabi ) U.P./Bihari ) Rajasthani ) ε ϵ(North-east Indian) 4) (South Region) ) Telugu ) Kannada ) Tamil ) Malayali 6. Nepali 7. Malaysia 8. Philippine 9. Singapore 10. Sri Lankan 5 ī(Africa) 1. Cameroonian 2. Ghanaian 3. Kenyan 4. Liberian 5. Malawian 6. Namlish 7. Nigeria . Nigerian . Nigerian Pidgin 8. South Africa . ΰ(Black South African) 1) Acrolect 2) Mesolect . Cape Flats . ε(Indian South African) . ΰ(White South African) 1) Broad Accent 2) General Accent 3) Cultivated Accent 9. South Atlantic 10. Ugandan 5 ƴϾ(Oceania) 1 ȣ(Australia) 1. ȭ(Cultural) ȣֿ . Ϲ ȣ(Geneal Austrailian) . ȣ(Broad Australian) . ȣ(Cultivated Australian) . ֹ ȣ(Austrailian Aboriginal) 2. (Regional) ȣ . ȣ(South Australian) . ȣ(Western Australian) . Torres Strait . Victorian . Queensland 2 New Zealand 1. Maori 2. Southland Accent 3. Taranaki Accent 6 뿹(Vernacular) ȥ(Creole) 1 Pidgins 2 ȥ (Creole) 3 ȥ (Creole English) . ȣ ֹ (Aboriginal Pidgin) . ̱ ε (American Indian Pidgin) . ī (Cameroonian Pidgin) . ߱ (Chinese Pidgin) . ε (Butler English. India) . Ͽ (Hawaiian Pidgin) . Ϻ 볪(Japanese Bamboo) . Ϻ (Japanese Pidgin) . ѱ 볪(Korean Bamboo) . ũ (Kru Pidgin) ī. ̺ (Liberian Interior Pidgin) Ÿ. ũγþ (Micronesian Pidgin) . (Nauru Pidgin) . (Nigerian Pidgin) . Ǫ Ͼ (Papua New Guinea Pidgin) . Ǫ (Papuan Pidgin) Tok Pisin ˴ϴ. . Ʈ 轼 (Port Jackson Pidgin) . (Queensland Kanaka) . ַθ Ϸ (Solomon Islands Pijin) . ַθ (Samoan Plantation Pidgin) . ַҹ߶(Solombala) . (Tok Pisin) . ± (Thai Pidgin) ó. ī (West African Pidgin) . ٴ (Vanuatu Bislama) 7 ȯ(Code Switching) 1 2 . ޱ۸(Anglish). . ƶ(Arabish). . ȥ (Army creole). . ۸(Benglish). . (Bislish). . Ī۸(Chinglish). . ø(Czenglish). . ۸(Danglish). . ۸(Dunglish). . (Engrish). ī. α۸(Finglish). Ÿ. ۷(Franglais). . ۸(Denglisch). . Ŭ(Greeklish). . (Heblish). . ۸(Hinglish). . ۸(Konglish). . ͱ۸(Manglish). . ޱ۸(Maltenglish ). . ۸(Poglish). . ۸(Porglish). . ۸(Runglish). . (Sheng). ó. (Siculish). . ̱۸(Singlish). . ر۸(Spanglish). . ۸(Swenglish). . Ÿ۸(Taglish). . ʱ۸(Tanglish). . ޱ۸(Tenglish). . Ÿϸ(Thailish). . 츣(Urdish). . Ͻ(Vinish). . ۸(Wenglish). . (Yeshivish). . ױ۸(Yinglish).
å < > ø 13 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ) GREATER LONDON IV (COCKNEY )
å б 5 Ӹ 1 ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 15 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 17 24 ܾ鿡 ⺻ ǥ(Wells ) 18 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1 . London 뵿ڰ Cockney 2 1) Cockney 2 2) Cockney ǹ̿ 4 ) Cockney ް(Cock's Egg)̶ 濡 4 ) ̶ Cockney 5 ) Cockney East End õǰ 7 ) Bow Bells Ҹ 鸮 μ London East End 9 3) Cockney 14 ) East End 14 ) East End 16 ) East End City of London 輱(Aldgate Pump) 18 ) East End 20 ) East End ̶ ǹ 24 ) East End Cockney Ȯ 26 ) Cockney ֵ ̵ 28 4) Cockney ֺ 29 ) Cockney ̵ East End ο üǴ 29 ) Cockney Estuary 31 ) Cockney ٹȭ London(Multicultural London English) 33 ) Mockney Cockney 34 5) Cockney Ȳ 35 6) Cockney ε ν 38 7) Cockney ⺻ Ư¡ 40 8) Cockney ܸ(monophthong) Ư¡ 43 ) (broad) /?/ Ҹȭ 43 ) /?/ Ҹ (back vowel) ϴ 45 ) /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 47 ) ܾ /?/ Ҹȭ 49 ) ܸ /i/ Ҹ /?i/ Ҹ /?i/ Ҹ ߸ȭ(Diphthong shift) 52 ) Foot ܾ /?/ Ҹ ߾ȭ(central)Ͽ /??/ Ҹ ϴ 54 ) Goose ܾ /u/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ Ǵ ܸ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 56 ) // Ҹ /?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ ϴ 58 ) Dress ܾ ܸ /?/ Ҹ ߸ȭ Ͽ /e?/ Ҹ, /e?/ Ҹ, /??/ Ҹ ϴ 60 ) Nurse ܾ /?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 63 ī) Strut ܾ /?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ /a/ Ҹ ϴ 65 Ÿ) Thought ܾ ܾ ġ ʴ /?/ Ҹ /o/ Ҹ Ǵ /o?/ Ҹ /?o/ Ҹ ϴ 67 ) /?/ Ҹ ܾ ġ , /?/ Ҹ Ǵ /??/ Ҹ /?u?/ Ҹ ϴ 70 8) Cockney ߸(diphthong) Ư¡ 74 ) ߸ /a?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ Ǵ /??/ Ҹ ϴ 74 ) ߸ /a?/ Ҹ ܸȭϿ // Ҹ, ߸ Ͽ /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 78 ) /??/ Ҹ /e?/ Ҹ ùӸ ϴ 81 ) /??/ Ҹ, /e?/ Ҹ, /??/ Ҹ, /??/ Ҹ, /a?/ Ҹ ܸȭ 83 ) /i?/ Ҹ, /e?/ Ҹ, /??/ Ҹ, /?/ Ҹ ߸ȭ(Triphthongal realizations) 87 ) /??/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ ϴ 90 ) /e?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ /a?/ Ҹȭ 91 ) /??/ Ҹ /???/ Ҹ /o?/ Ҹ ϴ 93 ) ߸ /??/ Ҹ ܸ(monophthong)ȭ ϴ 95 ) /??/ Ҹ ߸ȭϿ /??/ Ҹ /?o/ Ҹ, Ǵ /a?/ Ҹ ϴ 99 10) Cockney (consonant) Ư¡ 102 ) non rhotic 102 ) /?/ Ҹ /w/ Ҹ ü 104 ) H Ż(H dropping) 106 ) -th ڿ ϱ(Th fronting) 108 ) /t/ Ҹ ȭ(T glottalization) 110 ) /k/, /p/ Ҹ ȭ 112 ) ո Ŀ(alveolar plosive) /t/, /d/ Ҹ (elision) 114 ) L ȭ (L vocalization) 116 (1) -l- ڰ տ Ҹ L Ҹ(clear L) ȭ Ǵ ȭ 116 (2) -l- ڰ Ź L Ҹ(dark L) Ǵ 쿡 ȭ 118 (3) -l- ڰ Ź L Ҹ(dark L) Ǵ , տ ȭ(neutralization) Ǵ (asorption) 123 (4) ȭ L Ҹ տ /?/ Ҹ Ǵ (/?l/) 124 (5) ȭ L Ҹ տ /?/ Ҹ Ǵ (/?l/) 127 (6) -l- տ /?/ Ҹ /i/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ /u/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ ȭ (/?l/, /il/, /??l/, /?l/, /ul/, /??l/ ) 129 (7) /l/ Ҹ տ /?/ Ҹ /u/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ ȭ(neutralisation) (/?l/, /ul/, /??l/) 132 (9) -l- տ // Ҹ /e?/ Ҹ /a?/ Ҹ ȭ (/l/, /e?l/, /a?l/) 134 (10) -l- տ /?/ Ҹ /a?/ Ҹ ȭ (neutralisation) (/?l/, /a?l/) 137 (11) -l- տ /?/ Ҹ /??/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ȭ (/?l/, /??l/, /?l/) 139 (12) ڿ ʴ -l- տ /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ȭ (/?l/, /?l/) 142 5) Cockney Ư 144 ) 1Ī my ſ me ϴ 144 ) be ain't ϴ 146 ) ߺ ϴ 147 6) Cockney ϴ ε 148 7) Cockney 149 8) Cockney ִ 159 1
ȸ Ⱓ 1
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)
ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans. ױ۷ / : , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2018 å å . -- ( ø ; 1)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-27-3 05740 : 5000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019000109 < > ø 1 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ) Ӹ 1 1 (category of English) 1 1 4 2 (Native English) ֿ 7 1 躸 8 2 ǥ(Standard), (Dialect or Accent) 14 3 ǥ (Standard English) 19 4 21 1 (Europe) 23 1 ױ۷ (England) 26
ȸ Ⱓ 2
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)
ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans. 뿵 / : , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2018 å å . -- ( ø ; 2)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-28-0 05740 : 10000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019000110 < > ø 2 ѱ 100 ( 뿵 ) Ӹ 1 1 1. (Receive Pronunciation. RP) 1 . 뿵(RP) ΰ 1 . ܱε ַ ϴ ٷ 뿵Դϴ. 2 . 뿵 ⺻ Ǵ Դϴ. 3 . 뿵 ۿ ⺻ Ǵ Դϴ. 3 . 뿵 ױ۷ Դϴ. 4 . 뿵 Ư¡ 5 1) Ư¡ 5 2) ȣ(IPA) 7 3) 뿵 ȣ ̸ ǥ 9 4) Ծ غ 10 5) غ 11 6) غ ȣ Ī 12 7) ȣ ǥ д 13 8) غ 14 9) 뿵 Ư¡ 16 ) 뿵 Ҹ(nasal) (liquids) Ư¡ 16 ) ȣ(IPA) Ҹ ǥ /?/ Ҹ 뿵 21 ) Ŀ(voiceless plosive) 뿵 Ư¡ 21 ) /s/ Ҹ Ҹȭ ϴ ǥԴϴ. 22 ) Ŀ ڿ (approximant) ڵ 22 ) Ŀ(voiceless plosive) /k/, /p/, /t/, /t?/ Ҹ 24 ) Ŀ(voiced plosives) /b/, /d/, /?/, /d?/ Ҹ ȭ 26 ) Ҹ (voice) ϰ ϴ (fortis) 27 ) (voiced) // Ҹ 29 10) 뿵 (vowels) Ư¡ 30 ) ܸ(monophthong) 30 ) (long) ܸ(monophthongs) 32 ) 뿵 (long vowel) ߸ȭ 33 ) 뿵 ª Դϴ. 34 ) ߶(clipping) ȭ 35 ) ߶(clipping) ƶ ̰ ȭ 36 ) Ŀ /t/ Ҹ /d/ Ҹ ̿ ܾ 37 ) ȭ ȭ 39 ) (unstressed vowels) (quality) մϴ. 40 ) 뿵 ߸(diphthongs) ߸(triphthongs) Ư¡ 41 ī) 뿵 BATH (vowel) Ư¡ 48 ) ܾ(French words) Ͽ 51 ī) 뿵 ǥ ü ǥ (Alternative notation) 52 . 뿵 ȭ(Historical variation) 53 1) CLOTH, gone, off, often ܾ ȭ 55 2) Horse-Hoarse и(horse-hoarse split) 56 3) Dress Face 56 4) ܾ -y- 57 5) Cup ȭ 57 6) Goat ȭ 58 . 뿵 ٸ 60 . 뿵(Conservative RP) 66 1) ߸ Ư 67 ) Happy ܾ ȭ(Happy tensing) 68 ) /e/ Ҹ 68 ) // Ҹ 69 ) NURSE /?/ Ҹ 70 ) /?/ Ҹ 70 ) schaw /?/ Ҹ 71 ) /??/ Ҹ Ź /l/ Ҹ(dark l) /?/ Ҹ տ 72 ) ߸ 72 ) /??/ Ҹ 74 ) /e?/ Ҹ 75 2) (Consonants) Ư 75 ī. ϱ ߺ(Spoken specimen) 76 1) ڹ ǥ(Orthographic transcription) 77 2) ǥ(Phonemic transription) 78 3) ǥ(Allophonic transcription) 78 ī. 뿵 ڵ 79 1 ȸ Ⱓ 3
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)
ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans. ױ۷ Ϻ / : , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2019 å å . -- ( ø ; 3)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-29-7 05740 : 10000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019000358 < > ø 3 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ )
å б 4 Ӹ 1 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
Ϻ (Northern England English) 1
. ױ۷ Ϻ(Northern England) 2 1) ױ۷ 2 2) ױ۷ (region) , ȭ, 4
. Ϻ(Northern) Ī 5 1) Ī 5 2) Ϻ 輱 6 3) Ϻ 8
. Ϻ 10 1) 10 2) ̸ Britain Celtic Briton Ī 12
. Ϻ(Northern England English) 14 1) 14 2) Ϻλ 輱 پ 16 3) Ϻλ ϴ ױ۷ County 23 4) Ϻ ȭ 帧 25
. Ϻ ױ۷ 26 1) Ϻ 26 I) (North West) 28 II) (North East) 30 III) Yorkshire & Humberside 32 2) ȭ ο پ (subdialect) 33
. Ϻ(Northern England English) ģ ǵ 35 1) 35 2) Celtic 36 3) ŷ 븣(Norse) 37 4) Northumbia ձ 39 5) Ϸ ֿ Ϸ(Irish) 42 6) Ʋ 45
. Ϻλ ȭ 46
. 47
. Ϻλ (speech) Ư¡ 48
1) Ϻλ 49 i) // Ҹ 50 ii) /?/ Ҹ 51 iii) /?r/ Ҹ 52 iv) /a?/ Ҹ 53 v) /a?/ Ҹ 54 vi) /e?/ Ҹ 55 vii) /?r/ Ҹ 56 viii) /?r/ Ҹ 57 ix) /i/ Ҹ 58 x) /i/ Ҹ 59 xi) /?/ Ҹ 60 xii) /o?/ Ҹ 61 xiii) /?/ Ҹ 62 xiv) /u/ Ҹ 63
2) Ϻλ 64 i) ܾ ߰ (intervocalic &) (postvocalic) /k/ Ҹ 65 ii) ܾ ùӸ (initial) /h/ Ҹ 66 iii) /l/ Ҹ 68 iv) ִ (stressed-syllable) // Ҹ 70 v) ڿ (post-consonantal &) ߰(intervocalic) /r/ Ҹ 71 vi) ̳߰, ܾ , տ(intervocalic, final & pre-consonantal) /t/ Ҹ 72
3) Ϻ Trap-Bath и(trap-bath slit) 73 ) Trap-Bath и(trap-bath split) 74 ) и ϰ 76 ) ٸ и 79 ) ̱ ױ۷ и 80 ) Ϻο ̷ и Ƿ Ҹ 81 ) Ϻ Trap Bath ܾ /a/ Ҹ Ͽ 83 (1) Bath ܾ /a/ Ҹ 83 (2) Trap ܾ /a/ Ҹ 85 (3) Palm ܾ /a/ Ҹ 86
4) Ϻο /r/ Ҹ Ͽ 87 ) ⺻ /r/ Ҹ 87 ) Ϻ /r/ Ҹ 89
5) /r/ Ҹ ʴ non rhotic 90 ) rhotic non rhotic 90 ) non rhotic ϴ 91 ) rhotic non rhotic ϴ 92
6) Ϻ Foot-Strut и(foot-strut slit) 96 ) Foot-Strut и(foot-strut split) 97 ) Foot-Strut и ױ۷ 98 ) Foot-Strut պ(Merger) 100 ) Oop North" . 102 ) 뿵 /?/ Ҹ Ǵ ܾ ȭ (lengthening) 103
7) Face -a- Goat -oa- 104
8) Dress -e- 106
9) Happy ܾ -y- Ͽ 107
10) L Ҹ Ͽ 108
11) -ng- ڿ /g/ Ҹ Ͽ 111
12) the Ͽ 113
13) -t-ڸ /r/ Ҹ ϴ Ͽ 114
. Ϻ (intonation) Ͽ 115
ī. Ϻ Ư 116 1) Ϻο ־Ģ(subject rule) 117 2) to be ݺȭ Ͽ 118 3) Mustn't ǹ̷ Ͽ 120 4) might Ͽ 121 5) Ī Ͽ 122 ) 1Ī Ͽ 122 ) 1Ī Ͽ 124 ) 2Ī Ī Ͽ 126 ) ʹ Ͽ 128
Ÿ. Ϻο Ư¡ Ͽ 130 1) Ǵ ܾ 130 2) Celtic κ ܾ 132 3) ȣĪ Ư ܾ 133 4) owt, nowt 134 5) Ÿ Ư Ϻο ܾ 135 6) Down ſ Doon ̶ ܾ ϴ 136 7) -ong ڷ ܾ -ang üϿ 138
. Ϻλ ؿܷκ ̹ڵ 139
. Ϻ 鿡 ߰ å 140
1
ȸ Ⱓ 4
< > ø 4 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ Cheshire Cumbria )
å б 4 Ӹ 1 ȣǥ 14 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 17 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
. Cheshire 1 1) Cheshire 2 2) Cheshire 6 3) Cheshire Ư¡ 9 4) Cheshire ֻ Ư¡ 10 4) Cheshire ִ 20
. Cumbrian 23 1) Cumbria 23 2) Cumbria 25 ) Celtic Cumbric 25 ) Celtic ణ 25 ) Celtic Cumbric 29 3) Cumbria (Cumbria English) Ư¡ 31 4) Celtic Celtic Cumbrian Cumbria (English Dialect) ģ 32 ) Cumbrian 32 ) Ī(place name) ִ Cumbrian 34 ) ڸ Yan 35 ) ̻ -s Ī ҹϰ ϴ Ϻο ־ Ģ 38 5) Cumbrian Ҹ 39 6) 븣(Old Norse) Cumbria 40 ) 븣 41 ) Cumbria κ Ī 븣(Old Norse) 42 ) Ÿ ܾ 븣 ͵ 43 ) 븣 ġ ִٰ 44 7) Ÿ ٸ 45 8) Cumbria Ư¡ 46 ) Ư¡ 47 ) 뿵 49 ) /l/ Ҹ и(split) 52 ) moor ܾ Ư¡ 54 ) Cure ܾ 3 ϴ 55 9) Cumbria Ư¡ 56 ) /g/ Ҹ /k/ Ҹ (dropping) 57 ) /h/ Ҹ (dropping) 58 ) /l/ Ҹ (elision) 60 ) /r/ Ҹ Ư¡ 62 ) /t/ Ҹ Ư¡ 64 ) /y/ Ҹ Ư¡ 67 ) -cl- ڿ Ư¡ 70 10) Cumbria ܾ (stress) Ư¡ 72 11) Barrow in Furness Ư Ư 73 12) Cumbria ֻ Ư¡ 76 13) Cumbria ִ 1 1
ȸ Ⱓ 5
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)
ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans. ױ۷ Ϻ Barrovian , Lancastrian / : , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2019 å å . -- ( ø ; 5)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-31-0 05740 : 10000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019001312 < > ø 5 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ Barrovian , Lancastrian )
Ӹ 1 ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
. Barrovian 1
1) Barrovian 1 2) Barrow Ư 4
3) Barrovian ü Ư¡ 8 ) Ī 8 ) /s/ Ҹ /z/ Ҹȭ 9 ) /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 10 ) T ȭ Ǵ T ȭ (T glottalization) 10 ) G Ż(G dropping) 17 ) H-dropping(H Ż) 18 ) Th-fronting(Th Ҹ ռ) 19 ) ܾ -ure ڿ 20 ) /?u:r/ Ҹ ܾ ü 22
4) Barrovian ֻ Ư¡ 24 ) ǥ very ſ dead Ǵ well 24 ) like ܾ 25 ) Ÿ ̶ ǥ "and that" 25 ) Barrovian Ư¡ ǥ 26
5) ϴ ε 29 6) ִ 31
. Lancastrian 36
1) Lancastrian 36 2) Lancashire 37 3) Lancashire Ȳ 41
4) Lancashire ȭ 44 ) Lancashire ȭ 44 ) ĭƾ 47
5) Lancastrian Ư 49 ) 뿵 49 ) Lancastrian ǥ(vowel drift) 51 ) Nurse-Square պ(Nurse-square merger) 55 ) ܾ ߰ -oo- 58 ) ܾ -oo ڷ ̿ /u/ Ҹ Ͽ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 59 ) ܾ -ake ڷ Ư 62 ) ܾ -ight ڷ 63 ) ܾ -ought ڷ 66 ) hole /??/ Ҹ 68 ) Speak ܾ Ư /e?/ Ҹ 70 ī) Ϲ -a- ڿ /a/ Ҹ ƴ /o/ Ҹ ٲپ ϴ 72 Ÿ) Bury ܾ /u/ Ҹ ϴ 74
6) Lancastrian (consonant) Ư 76 ) rhoticity 76 ) -ng NG (NG coalescence) 81 ) /t/ Ҹ /r/ Ҹȭ 84 ) ܾ ߰ -l- ڿ /l/ Ҹ Ż 85 ) ܾ -ool ڷ /l/ Ҹ Ż 86 ) ܾ -s /z/ Ҹ ϴ 87 ) to be (negative) տ Ư¡ 88 ) (consonant) ߺ 89
7) lancastrian 90
8) Lancastrian Ư 91 ) (definite article) (elision) Ǵ (reduction) 91 ) Lancastrian 2Ī Ư 93 ) 3Ī ܼ Ư¡ 100 ) ʹ -self Ư 103 ) to be Ư 104
9) Lancastrian Ư¡ 105 10) ִ 118
1
ȸ Ⱓ 6
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)
ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans. ױ۷ Ϻ Geordie , Hartlepool / : . -- // : Tax & law press, 2019 å å . -- ( ø ; 6)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-32-7 05740 : 10000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019001313 < > ø 6 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ Geordie , Hartlepool )
å б 4 Ӹ 1 ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1 . Geordie 1 1) 2 2) Geordie 4 3) Geordie 7 4) Geordie õ 10 5) Geordie ܸ(monophthong) Ư¡ 14 ) Geordie ܸ(monophthong) 14 ) Geordie (length) پ ȭ 17 ) Geordie Ư¡ 19 ) Trap-Bath պ(trap-bath merger) 25 I) Trap-Bath պ 25 II) ª /a/ Ҹ(short a) ȭ 27 III) Geordie Ư ª /a/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ 28 ) Geordie Foot-Strut и(foot-strut split) 31 ) Geordie schwa /?/ Ҹ ȭ 34 ) schwa /?/ Ҹ ſ /?/ Ҹ ϴ 36 ) ϼ -es -ed schwa ̿ϴ Ư¡ 38 ) -o- ڿ /i/ Ҹȭ 40 ) Geordie /i/ Ҹ /u/ Ҹ 41 ī) Happy -y- ڿ 45 Ÿ) Geordie /e/ Ҹ /o/ Ҹ 46 ) Geordie /o/ Ҹ Ͽ 49 ) /o/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ պ 51 ) Geordie // Ҹ 52 6) Geordie ߸(diphthong) Ư¡ 56 ) Geordie ߸ 5 57 ) ߸ /u/ Ҹ 58 ) ߸ /i?/ Ҹ /u?/ Ҹ 61 ) ߸ /ai/ Ҹ 62 7) Geordie (consonant) Ư¡ 65 ) R Ҹ ʴ non rhotic 66 ) Yod (Yod coalescence) 70 ) ȭ Ǵ ȭ(Glottalization) 72 ) T ȭ(T glottalization) Ǵ Geordie Ư ȭ Ǵ ȭ(preglottalization) 74 ) /p/, /k/ Ҹ ȭ(glottal reinforcement) 76 ) Ҹȭ(pre-aspiration) 77 ) -ing ڿ /n/ Ҹ 79 ) /l/ Ҹ ȭ(vocalization) 80 8) Geordie (vocabulary) Ư¡ 82 . Hartlepudlian 103 1) Hartlepool 104 2) Hartlepool 106 3) Hartlepool̶ ̸ 109 4) Hartlepool Ư ֵ 110 1
ȸ Ⱓ 7
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)
ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans. ױ۷ Ϻ Mackem , Northumbrian Pitmatic , Smoggie / : , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2019 å å . -- ( ø ; 7)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-33-4 05740 : 10000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019002308 < > ø 7 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ Mackem , Northumbrian , Pitmatic , Smoggie )
< > ø 7 2 å б 4 Ӹ 1 ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
. Mackem 1 1) Mackem 1 2) Sunderland 4 3) Mackem ̶ 8 4) Mackem Ư¡ 13 ) make take ܾ Ư̼ 13 ) ܾ -own ڰ 15 ) ܾ -ool ڷ 17 ) (back vowel) /u/ Ҹ ߰ (central vowel)ȭ 20 ) film ܾ schwa 22 ) face ڿ schwa /?/ Ҹ (insertion) (reduction) 23 i) schwa 23 ii) /??/ Ҹ (rediction) 24 iii) yod 25 ) Comma ܾ /?/ Ҹ 28 ) Trap // Ҹ 29 ) curry Ư¡ 34 ) Brown ܾ Ư¡ 36 ) River Wear Ϻ Mackem ο 39 5) Macke Ư¡ 40 ) H Ż 40 6) Mackem Ư¡ 46 7) Mackem ֻ Ư¡ 48 8) Mackem ִ 52
. Northumbrian 56 1) Northumbrian 56 2) Northumberland 61 3) Northumberland ģ 65 4) Northumbrian Ư¡ 71 ) /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 71 ) -i- ڿ /?/ Ҹ 73 ) /?/ Ҹ /a/ Ҹȭ 74 ) /a??/ Ҹ /u/ Ҹȭ 76 ) /e?/ Ҹ /e?/ Ҹȭ 78 ) /?/ Ҹ /u/ Ҹȭ 80 ) Foot-Strut պ(foot-strut merger) 81 ) goat /o/ Ҹȭ 84 5) Northumbrian Ư¡ 85 ) /t/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 85 ) -ing ڿ /n/ Ҹȭ 87 ) -r- ڿ Northumbrian burrȭ(Northumbrian burr) 89 6) Northumbrian Geordie 92 ) ȭ(lengthen) 92 ) ȭ Ǵ /r/ Ҹ ȭ 94 7) Northumbrian Ʋ 95 8) Northumbrian ֻ Ư¡ 96 9) Northumbrian ִ 104
. Pitmatic 107 1) Pitmatic 107 2) Pitmatic 109 3) Pitmatic 111 4) Pitmatic ̶ ̸ 112 5) Pitmatic Ư¡ 113 6) Pitmatic Ư¡ 115 ) R Ҹ 115 ) R Ҹ 117 7) Pitmatic ֻ Ư¡ 120
8) Pitmatic ִ 132 . Smoggie 136 1) Smoggie 136 2) Smoggie 138 3) Smoggie 140 4) Smoggie ֻ Ư¡ 141 5) Smoggie ִ 163 165
ȸ Ⱓ 8
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP)
ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans. ױ۷ Ϻ Mancunian , Scouse Yorkshire / : , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2019 å å . -- ( ø ; 8)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-34-1 05740 : 25000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019002961 < > ø 8 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ Ϻ Mancunian , Scouse , Yorkshire )
å б 4 Ӹ 1 ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16 24 ܾ鿡 ⺻ ǥ(Wells ) 17 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
ī. Mancunian 1
1) Mancunian 1 2) Manchester ̸ 3 3) Manchester 5 4) 10 5) Mancunian 13 6) Manchester Lancastrian , Cheshire , Yorkshire 缺 15
7) Manchester Ư¡ 19 ) Ҹ Ͽ ϴ 19 ) Foot-Strut պ(Foot-Strut merger) 20 ) Trap-Bath պ(trap-bath merger) 23 ) Goat, Face ܾ ߸ȭ 25 ) Happy ܾ -y ڿ ȭ 29
8) Mancunian Ư¡ 33 ) -ing NG (NG Coalescence) 33 ) /k/, /p/, /t/ Ҹ ȭ(glottal reinforcement) 37
9) Manchester ֻ Ư¡ 40 8) Mancunian ִ 51
Ÿ. Scouse 56
1) Scouse 56 2) Liverpool (Scouse) 61 3) Scouse 63 4) Scouse 65 5) Scouse Ư¡ 68
6) Scouse Ư¡ 73 ) Scouse ܸ ǥ 73 ) /e:/ Ҹ پ ȭ 75 ) Foot-Strut պ(foot-strut merger) 76 ) Trap-Bath պ(trap-bath merger) 79 ) /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ, /a/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ȵǴ 82 ) /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 84 ) /a/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ȥ 86 ) book, cook, look ܾ Ư̼ 87 ) (weak vowel) պ 91 ) ܾ ܸ /i/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ ߸ȭ 93 ī) Scouse /?/ Ҹ 95 Ÿ) Happy ܾ 97 ) Square-Nurse պ(merger) /e:/ Ҹ پ ȭ 98 ) Square-Nurse и 101 ) /?/ Ҹ Ư̼ 102
7) Scouse ߸ Ư¡ 103 ) Scouse ߸ 103 ) /i?/ Ҹ 106 ) /u?/ Ҹ 107 ) /e?/ Ҹ 110 ) /??/ Ҹ 112 ) /a?/ Ҹ 117 ) /a?/ Ҹ 119
8) Scouse (consonant) Ư 120 ) NG и(NG split) 120 ) G Ż 123 ) /t/ Ҹ /h/ Ҹ ȭ(glottal) 125 ) /t/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 129 ) /t/ /?/ Ҹȭ 131 ) Ŀ (voiceless plosives) /p/, /t/, /k/ Ҹ ȭ(Fricatisation) 133 ) /k/ Ҹ ȭ 136 ) /p/ Ҹ ȭ 137 ) Ŀ(voiceless plosives) /p/, /t/, /k/ Ҹ Ҹȭ(aspiration) 138 ) Ŀ(voiced plosives) /b/, /d/, /?/ Ҹ ȭ( fricatised) 141 ī) ̻ (dental fricatives) //, // Ҹ ̻ ȭ(dental stop) 143 Ÿ) Scouse non rhotic 144 ) H 147
9) Scouse ֻ Ư¡ 148 10) Scouse ִ 160
. Yorkshire 165
1) Yorkshire 165 2) Yorkshire 167 3) Yorkshire ̾ ౸ 173
4) Yorkshire Ư¡ 176 ) Trap-Bath պ(merger) 176 ) Foot-Strut պ(merger) 180 ) Huddersfield love Ư 183 ) Face ܾ ܸȭ ϴ 185 ) ܾ -ake-ڸ Ϻ ܾ , /?/ Ҹ ϴ 187 ) Goat ܾ ܸȭ ϴ 189 ) open, over, woke, go Ϻ ܾ -o- 192 ) /l/ Ҹտ schwa 194 ) /r/ Ҹ տ /?/ Ҹ ȭ 196 ) ؾ Nurse ܾ Ư 197 ī) Near ܾ /??/ Ҹ /e?/ Ҹ 199 Ÿ) Prize /a?/ Ҹ ܸȭ 201 ) Mouth ܾ /a?/ ܸ /a/ Ҹȭ ϴ 203 ) ܾ -y ڿ Ư 206 ) schwa Ư 208 ) λ翡 ִ 209 ) Fleece ܾ ܸ ߸ȭϴ 211 ) /?/ Ҹ Ư¡ 213 ) -ook ڸ ܾ ȭ 214 ) -ere ڸ ܾ /i?/ Ҹ 216 ) key ܾ ߸ȭ 218 ) ܾ -oor Ư 220 ) -ought ܾ Ư¡ 222 ó) -ight-ڷ ܾ 224
5) Yorkshire Ư¡ 227 ) (voiced consonant) ȭ(assimilation) (voiceless consonant)ȭ 227 ) -b ڿ ȭ 229 ) -ng G Ż /n/ Ҹȭ 231 ) H Ż 235 ) ɴܾ(function word) ġ /d/, /t/, /f/, //, // Ҹ (ommission) 237 ) ܾ -th ڿ 240 ) was -s 242 ) ܾ /k/ Ҹ ȭ 243 ) Ŀ /k/, /p/, /t/ Ҹ ȭ 245 ) non rhotic 247 ī) -th- ڿ Ծ ̵ϴ (Th-fronting) 250 Ÿ) T ȭ(T-glottalisation) 252 ) -th-, -g-, -t- ڿ /d/, /t/ Ҹ 255
6) Yorkshire Ư¡ 259 ) ̱ (Definite article reduction) 260 ) 뿵(Old English) ܾ 262 ) than ſ nor ϴ 263 ) ġ, ߷, Ÿ, , Ÿ ܾ 264 ) 1Ī ܼ me, 1Ī our ſ us ϴ 265 ) 2Ī ܼ thou ϴ 266 ) 1Ī ܼ 翡 Ͽ was ſ were ϴ 267 ) ߺ(double negative) ϴ 268 ) that ſ what Ǵ as ϴ 269 ī) 3Ī those ſ them ϴ 271 Ÿ) (Negative contraction) 272
7) Yorkshire ֻ Ư¡ 273 8) Yorkshire ִ 296
299
ȸ Ⱓ 9
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP) ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans : ױ۷ ߺ . East midlands, West midlands, Black country, Birmingham, Potteries, Coventry / : , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2019 å å . -- ( ø ; 9)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-35-8 05740 : 25000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019003632 < > ø 9 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ߺ ) (East Midlands, West Midlands, Black Country, Birmingham, Potteries, Coventry )
å б 4 Ӹ 1 ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16 24 ܾ鿡 ⺻ ǥ(Wells ) 17 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1
3. ߺ ױ۷ (Midlands English) 1
. ߺ(Midlands) ױ۷ 1
. ߺ(Midlands of England) 7
1) 7 2) ߺ 9 ) Anglo-Saxon Mercia ձ 9 ) 븣(Old Norse) ϳ ũ(Danish) 10 3) ߺ (Midlands) 2ȭ 13
. ߺ(East Midland) ױ۷ 17
1) ߺ ױ۷(East Midlands England) 17 2) ߺ(East Midlands) 18 3) Danelaw ũ(Danish) 22 4) (Middle English) 26 5) Ҽ D. H. Lawrence ټ ǰ 28 6) ߺ Ư¡ 29 ) -th- ڿ о ϴ(Th Fronting) 29 7) ߺ(East Midlands) Ư¡ 32 ) 2Ī ȣĪ(address) thou 33 ) Ī ̸ -s ſ -n 34 ) ʹ ̸ -self ſ -sen 36 8) ߺ(East Midlands) ֻ Ư¡ 38 9) ߺ(East Midlands) (Sub dialects) 45 ) Southern Northamptonshire 46 (1) 46 (2) Ư̼ 47 (3) Southern Northamptonshire ִ 52 ) Corb . 55 (1) Corby 55 (2) Corby 57 (3) Corby ִ 59 ) Derbyshire 63 (1) Derbyshire 63 (2) 63 (3) Derbyshire ִ 68 ) Lincolnshire East Lincolnshire 71 (1) Lincolnshire 71 (2) 73 (3) Lincolnshire ִ 75 ) Nottinghamshire 78 (1) Nottinghamshire 78 (2) Nottinghamshire ִ 81
. ߺ(West Midlands) 85
1) ߺ(West Midlands) 85 2) ߺ(West Midlands) 87 3) ߺ(West Midlands) Mercia ձ 90 4) 18 93 5) West Midlands Ư¡ 95
. Black Country 103
1) Black Country 103 2) Black Country α ֺ 105 3) Black Country Ư¡ 107 ) Trap-Bath պ(Trap-Bath merger) 107 ) // Ҹ /a/ Ҹ 110 ) Foot-Strut պ(foot-strut merger) 111 ) ܾ (reduction) 113 ) you Ư 114 4) Black Country Ư¡ 115 ) NG (NG coalescence) 115 ) R Ҹ ʴ non rhotic 117 ) L ȭ 119 ) ܾ ġ ȭ 121 ) ܾ -gh- ڿ 123 5) Black Country Ư¡ 125 ) 2Ī thou, thee, thy ¸ 125 ) yes ſ ar ϴ 127 ) 2Ī you ſ ye, ya, Ǵ Yow ϴ 128 ) Black Country Yam Yam ̶ θ 130 ) go Ͽ goo Ǵ gewin 132 ) ܾ ϴ 134 6) Black Country ֻ Ư¡ 135 7) Black Country ִ 162
. Birmingham Ǵ Brummie 166
1) Brummie 166 2) Brummie 169 3) α 177 ) Black Country 177 ) Solihull 179 ) Coventry 180 4) Shakespeare 181 5) Brummie 182 6) Birmingham ߽ɵ÷μ Brummie 184 7) Brummie Ư¡ 189 ) Brummie ⺻ 189 ) Trap-Bath պ(merger) 193 ) Foot-Strut պ(merger) 196 ) Face ܾ /e?/ Ҹ Ư 198 ) Goat ܾ /??/ Ҹ Ư 200 ) Price-Choice պ(merger) 202 ) Mouth ܾ /a?/ Ҹ Ư 204 ) Force ܾ Ư¡ 206 ) CURE ܾ 208 ) paw, pour, poor Ư¡ 210 ) ܸ /ju/ Ҹ ߸ /??/ Ҹ ϴ Ư 211 ī) Happy ܾ -y Ư 214 Ÿ) ܾ ġ schwa /?/ Ҹ Ư¡ 215 8) Brummie Ư 216 ) NG 216 ) ܾ -s ڿ /z/ Ҹ ϴ 217 ) տ -r- ڿ ε帲(tapping)ȭ 218 9) Brummie ֻ Ư 219 10) Brummie ִ 231
. Potteries 234
1) Potteries 234 2) Potteries 236 3) ϸ ڱ(Pottery) ߴ 238 4) Potteries 241 5) Potteries (Vowel) Ư¡ 243 ) /?/ Ҹ κ /?/ Ҹȭ 243 ) Trap-Bath պ(Trap-Bath merger) 246 ) /a/ Ҹ /?/ Ҹȭ 249 ) /e/ Ҹ ߸ /ei/ Ҹȭ 250 ) /ai/ Ҹ ܸ /i/ Ҹȭ 251 ) /i/ Ҹ /e/ Ҹ (merger) 253 ) /el/ Ҹ /al/ Ҹȭ 256 6) Potteries (consonant) Ư¡ 258 ) H Ż( H dropping) 258 ) -ng ڸ /n/ Ҹ ϴ 260 7) Potteries Ư 264 8) Potteries ֻ Ư¡ 265 9) Potteries ִ 272
. Coventry 276
1) Coventry 276 2) Coventry 278 3) Coventry 280 4) Coventry Ư¡ 282 ) Trap-Bath պ(merger) 282 ) -a- ڿ ȭ 284 5) Coventry Ư¡ 286 ) T ȭ ȭ(T glottalization) 286 ) -l- ڿ 288 6) Coventry ֻ Ư¡ 290 7) Coventry ִ 297
1
ȸ Ⱓ 10
߾ӵ ǿ(CIP) ѱ 100 /ڷ/ = 100 English dialects in the world for Koreans : ױ۷ . East Anglian, Norfolk, Suffolk / : , ̼ȣ. -- // : Tax & law press, 2019 å å . -- ( ø ; 10)
ѱ, ȥռϵ ISBN 979-11-88917-36-5 05740 : 20000 ISBN 979-11-88917-26-6 (Ʈ) 05740
/۰/ н// //
748-KDC6 427-DDC23 CIP2019004102 < > ø 10 ѱ 100 ( ױ۷ ) East Anglian, Norfolk, Suffolk DIALECT
å б 4 Ӹ 1 ȣǥ(IPA Chart) 14 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 15 뿵(RP) ȣǥ 16 24 ܾ鿡 ⺻ ǥ(Wells ) 17 å ȸ Ⱓ Ⱓ 1 4. ױ۷(East of England English) 1 . ױ۷(East of England) 1 1) ױ۷(East of England English) 1 2) ױ۷ 6 3) ױ۷ 10 4) ױ۷ (East Anglian) Ư¡ 14 ) Bath , Palm , Start ܾ Ư 14 ) First Ư 16 ) stone Ư̼ 18 ) David naked Ư̼ 19 ) sure, pure, fury Ư̼ 20 5) Ư¡ 22 ) H Ż(H dropping) 22 ) Ŀ(voiceless plosive) /p/, /k/ Ҹ ȭ 25 ) Ŀ(voiceless plosive) /t/ Ҹ ȭ 27 ) (rhyme) Ư¡ 29 6) Ư¡ 30 ) 3Ī ܼ 翡 -s 30 ) ġ or ſ do ϴ 32 ) it ſ that ϴ 33 ) while ſ time ϴ 34 ) ̶ ǹ just ſ now ϴ 35 7) ֻ Ư¡ 36 . Norfolk 39 1) Norfolk 39 2) Norfolk 45 3) Norfolk 47 4) Norfolk (vowel) Ư 50 ) Norfolk ܸ 50 ) ѷ 52 ) Foot-Strut и(split) 53 ) Yod Ż 56 ) Foot ܾ 58 ) Goat ܾ 60 ) ܾ -f, -ff, -gh, -th ڸ ܾ 62 ) Goat ܾ 66 ) Goat ܾ 70 ) Near-Square պ(merger) 73 ī) ܼȭ 75 Ÿ) -ing տ ܼȭ(smoothing) 77 5) Norfolk (consonant) Ư 78 ) R Ҹ non rhotic 78 ) H Ż(dropping) 82 ) Yod Ż(Yod dropping) 84 ) Cure Yod Ż ܼȭ 87 ) ȭ ȭ 89 ) L Ҹ Ư¡ 92 ) -ing ڿ /?n/ Ҹ ϴ 96 ) -th ڿ -shr Ư̼ 98 ) -v ڿ /w/ Ҹ ϴ 100 ) (intonation) Ư¡ 102 6) Ư¡ 103 ) 3Ī ܼ -s 103 ) be 3Ī ܼ was ƴ϶ were 105 ) ־ it ſ that 106 ) one Ư -un ڷ (reduction) 109 ) do پ 110 ) ӻ though Ͽ do ܾ ϴ 114 ) yet ܾ ǹ 116 ) any ܾ Ư 117 ) on ̶ ܾ Ư 118 ) of ̶ ܾ Ư 119 ī) Ư ȭ 120 Ÿ) ״ ϴ Ư¡ 122 ) ұĢ Ϸ Ư¡ 124 ) be (negative) Ư ȭ 126 ) 縦 what üϿ ϴ 128 ) that those ſ them ϴ 130 ) 縦 λ ״ ϴ Ư¡ 132 ) more than ſ above ϴ Ư¡ 134 ) never پ ǥ 135 ) together پ ǥ 137 ) л -ing a- λ縦 ߰Ͽ ǥϴ 138 ) ð ӻ while ſ time ϴ Ư¡ 140 ) λ 141 ó) ߺ(double negative) 142 Ŀ) ߺ ܾ 143 7) ֻ Ư¡ 145 8) Norfolk ִ 191 . Suffolk 194 1) Suffolk 194 2) Suffolk 196 3) Suffolk 199 4) Suffolk Ư¡ 201 ) ȭ 201 ) /o/ Ҹ /oo/ Ҹȭ 203 ) /a?/ Ҹ /e-oo/ Ҹ ϴ 205 ) ܾ ߰ Ҹ ߰ (insertion) 207 ) /e?r/ Ҹ /??r/ Ҹ ϴ 208 ) ߸ Ư¡ 210 5) Ư¡ 211 ) Yod Ż(Yod dropping) 211 ) R Ҹ non rhotic 213 ) /t/ Ҹ ȭ(glottalization) 215 ) H Ż(H dropping)̳ H (H insertion) Ư¡ 217 ) -thr ڿ -tr ȭ 219 6) Ư¡ 222 7) Ư¡ 223 ) ſϷ -uh ̸ Ͽ ϴ Ư¡ 223 ) -ing ڷ ܾ -en üϴ 224 ) ұĢ źл -uh ̸ ̿Ͽ Ģ ȭ ϴ 225 ) it ſ that ϴ 226 ) ȭ Ư̼ 227 ) ܾ -en ϴ 228 ) owe Ư 229 ) snow, mow, sow ew ¸ 231 ) sit sot ϴ Ư¡ 232 ī) can ſ kin ϴ 233 Ÿ) nothing ſ nawn ϴ 234 ) to-day ¸ to-year ϴ 235 8) ֻ Ư¡ 236 9) Suffolk ִ 262 1
ȸ Ⱓ
* κ å Ⱓ뿡 ̾ å Ⱓ Դϴ. Ͽ å Ⱓ˴ϴ.
6. Country . Anglo-Cornish . Bristolian . Janner 2 Ʋ(Scotland) 1. Highland 2. Insular 3. Northern 4. Central 5. Southern 3 (Wales) 1. Welsh 2. Abercraf 3. Cardiff 4. Gower 5. Port Talbot 4 Man (Isle of Man) 1. Manx 5 Channel Islands 1. Channel Islands 6 ο(Gibraltar) 7 Ϸ(Ireland) 1. Ulster . Belfast . Derry . South Ulster . West Donegal 2. Leinster . Dublin 1) Dublin 4 2) Inner city 3) Suburban Dublin . Dundalk . Wexford town 3. Connacht . Galway city . Mayo . Sligo town 4. Munster . Cork city . Kerry . Tipperary . Limerick city 2 Ϲ(North America) 1 ̱(United States) 1. ̱(American English) . ȭ(Cultural) (Ethnic) ̱ (American English) 1) African American Vernacular 2) Boonling 3) Cajun Vernacular 4) Hawaiian Pidgin 5) Latino Vernacular ) Chicano ) Miami 6) Pennsylvania Dutch 7) Yeshiva 2. Ϲ ̱ (General American English) . General American 3. (Regional and Local American English) . ױ۷(Eastern New England) 1) Boston and Maine 2) Rhode Island . 뵵 (Southeast Super Region) 1) ߺ 뼭(Mid Atlantic) (Delaware Valley) ) Baltimore ) Philadelphia 2) ߺ(Midland) ) ߺ(North Midland) ) ߺ(South Midland) 3) Hoi Toider 4) New Orleans 5) (Southern) ) ȷġ(Southern Appalechian) ) ػ罺 (Texas Southern) . New York City . Ϻ(Northern) 1) Ϻγ(Inland Northern) 2) ױ۷(Western New England) . Ϻ߾(Northern Central) 1) ̽ðݵ Ϻ(Upper Penninsula of Michigan) . (Western) 1) ĶϾ(California) 2) New Mexican 3) ϼ(Northwestern) . ǹٴϾ (Wesern Pennsylvania) 2 ij(Canada) 1. ij 뼭(Atlantic Canadian) . Cape Breton . Lunenburg . Newfoundland 2. ij ǥ(Standard Canadian) . Quebec . Ottawa Valley . Pacific Northwest 3 Bermudian Bermuda Ǵ 4 Ϲ ֹ(Indigenous North America) 1. Mojave 2. Isletan 3. Tsimshian 4. Lumbee 5. Tohono O'odham 6. Inupiaq 3 ߳(Caribbean, Central and South America) 1 Caribbean 2 Anguillan 3 Antiguan 4 Bahamian 5 Bajan 6 Belizean 7 San Andres-Providencia 8 Falklands Islands 9 Guyanese 10 Bay Islands 11 Jamaican 13 Vincentian 14 Trinidadian 4 ƽþ(Asia) 1. Brunei 2. Burmese 3. Hong Kong 4. Pakistan 5. ε(Indian) . ǥ ε (Standard Indian English) 1) Indian . (Regional and Local Indian) 1) (East Region) ) Assamese ) Bengali ) Oriya 2) (West Region) ) Gujarati ) maharashtrian 3) Ϻ(North Region) ) Hindustani ) Delhi ) Punjabi ) U.P./Bihari ) Rajasthani ) ε ϵ(North-east Indian) 4) (South Region) ) Telugu ) Kannada ) Tamil ) Malayali 6. Nepali 7. Malaysia 8. Philippine 9. Singapore 10. Sri Lankan 5 ī(Africa) 1. Cameroonian 2. Ghanaian 3. Kenyan 4. Liberian 5. Malawian 6. Namlish 7. Nigeria . Nigerian . Nigerian Pidgin 8. South Africa . ΰ(Black South African) 1) Acrolect 2) Mesolect . Cape Flats . ε(Indian South African) . ΰ(White South African) 1) Broad Accent 2) General Accent 3) Cultivated Accent 9. South Atlantic 10. Ugandan 5 ƴϾ(Oceania) 1 ȣ(Australia) 1. ȭ(Cultural) ȣֿ . Ϲ ȣ(Geneal Austrailian) . ȣ(Broad Australian) . ȣ(Cultivated Australian) . ֹ ȣ(Austrailian Aboriginal) 2. (Regional) ȣ . ȣ(South Australian) . ȣ(Western Australian) . Torres Strait . Victorian . Queensland 2 New Zealand 1. Maori 2. Southland Accent 3. Taranaki Accent 6 뿹(Vernacular) ȥ(Creole) 1 Pidgins 2 ȥ (Creole) 3 ȥ (Creole English) . ȣ ֹ (Aboriginal Pidgin) . ̱ ε (American Indian Pidgin) . ī (Cameroonian Pidgin) . ߱ (Chinese Pidgin) . ε (Butler English. India) . Ͽ (Hawaiian Pidgin) . Ϻ 볪(Japanese Bamboo) . Ϻ (Japanese Pidgin) . ѱ 볪(Korean Bamboo) . ũ (Kru Pidgin) ī. ̺ (Liberian Interior Pidgin) Ÿ. ũγþ (Micronesian Pidgin) . (Nauru Pidgin) . (Nigerian Pidgin) . Ǫ Ͼ (Papua New Guinea Pidgin) . Ǫ (Papuan Pidgin) Tok Pisin ˴ϴ. . Ʈ 轼 (Port Jackson Pidgin) . (Queensland Kanaka) . ַθ Ϸ (Solomon Islands Pijin) . ַθ (Samoan Plantation Pidgin) . ַҹ߶(Solombala) . (Tok Pisin) . ± (Thai Pidgin) ó. ī (West African Pidgin) . ٴ (Vanuatu Bislama) 7 ȯ(Code Switching) 1 2 . ޱ۸(Anglish). . ƶ(Arabish). . ȥ (Army creole). . ۸(Benglish). . (Bislish). . Ī۸(Chinglish). . ø(Czenglish). . ۸(Danglish). . ۸(Dunglish). . (Engrish). ī. α۸(Finglish). Ÿ. ۷(Franglais). . ۸(Denglisch). . Ŭ(Greeklish). . (Heblish). . ۸(Hinglish). . ۸(Konglish). . ͱ۸(Manglish). . ޱ۸(Maltenglish ). . ۸(Poglish). . ۸(Porglish). . ۸(Runglish). . (Sheng). ó. (Siculish). . ̱۸(Singlish). . ر۸(Spanglish). . ۸(Swenglish). . Ÿ۸(Taglish). . ʱ۸(Tanglish). . ޱ۸(Tenglish). . Ÿϸ(Thailish). . 츣(Urdish). . Ͻ(Vinish). . ۸(Wenglish). . (Yeshivish). . ױ۸(Yinglish).
Ȯ ˴ϴ. е ⸦, å Ǵ 1:1 Ǹ ̿ ּ.
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